Comparison William Jennings Bryan Theodore Roosevelt

The United States has a long history of great leaders who, collectively, have possessed an even wider range of religious and political convictions. Perhaps not unexpectedly, their beliefs have often been in conflict with one another, both during coinciding eras, as well as over compared generations. The individual philosophies of William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, with regard to America’s roles in world affairs and foreign diplomacy; are both varied and conflicted. Despite those conflicts however, each leader has left his own legacy behind, in terms of how the U.S. continues to engage in world affairs today. William Jennings Bryan, despite being a thrice-failed presidential candidate, was a well respected†¦show more content†¦However, once the Spanish had withdrawn, he felt it was imperative that the Philippines be left to self-rule. (Though, that is of course, not how it ended up!) Bryan stated outright that continued U.S. involvement in â€Å"a career of empire† violated the very essence of American values; boldly asserting that the U.S. â€Å"cannot repudiate the principle of self-government in the Philippines without weakening that principal [at home]†. (Bryan, â€Å"Imperialism†). In many ways Bryan was ahead of his times, and became one of the first to develop the policy of â€Å"international peacekeeping†, in helping to mediate the end of the Russo-Japanese war (though, the Nobel peace Prize for this accomplishment would go to someone else). Ironically, it seemed as though Bryan’s interest in maintaining peace and neutrality in world a ffairs (to KEEP American’s focus on issues at home) overshadowed his noble efforts to promote ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness’ domestically. Ultimately, this (along with his conservative religious views) caused him to lose the last of his three attempts at presidency, to William McKinley. Upon McKinley’s assassination, a (relatively) young Theodore Roosevelt found himself in the position of President of the United States. A man of action – perhaps unnecessary action- Roosevelt was unafraid of the political consequences of his bold and often unilateral decision making, both domestically and abroad. U.S. governance in the Philippines had alreadyShow MoreRelatedThe Whig Theory And The Federalist Party1823 Words   |  8 Pagesforbidden by the constitution. There were a few presidents that supported both theories but I am only going to focus on one for each. For the Whig theory I will discuss the Taft administration, and for the Stewardship theory I will discuss the Theodore Roosevelt administration. Taft believed that the president should rely on the guidance of congress and that congress should have most of the power. He said himself, â€Å"The true view of the executive function†¦is that the President can exercise no powerRead MoreEssay about History: World War I and Bold Experiments7600 Words   |  31 Pagesof Industrialization, 1877–1929 ECONOMY POLItICS aND LaW rEFOrM CULtUrE FOrEIGN rELatIONS 1870 Economic depression of 1870s Reconstruction ends (1877) Great Railroad National Strike of 1877 league launches professional baseball (1876) William Dean Howells calls for realism in literature (1881) Treaty brings Hawaii within U.S. orbit 1880 First vertically Era of close integrated party comfirms petition, 1876 –1894 Rockefeller establishes Chinese Standard Oil exclusion Trust (1882 –1943)

Discrimination and Special Educational Needs Essay

Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 Amended the Race Relations Act 1976 to include a statutory duty on public bodies to promote race equality, good relations between different ethnic groups, and to demonstrate effectiveness of anti-discrimination procedures. In 2003 additional regulations also outlawed certain forms of discrimination due to religious belief. Race Relations Act1976 Outlaws discrimination of the grounds of race, colour, nationality, ethnic and national origin in employment, the provision of goods and services, education and public functions. Incorporates the earlier Race Relations Act 1965 and Race Relations Act 1968. Employment Equality†¦show more content†¦These 14 standards were superseded by the EYFS following the Childcare Act 2006. Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Employers and those providing services must make reasonable adjustments to their services to ensure that they are not discriminating against disabled people. Education providers were exempt, prompting discussion about continued tolerance of discrimination against children and young people. Education Act 1996 Introduced the Special Educational Needs Code of Practice. In this, schools are required to develop a Special Educational Needs policy and appoint a Special Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO) to identify and assess special educational needs, keep a register of children with SEN and work cooperatively with parents and other professionals. Amended in 2001 (Special Educational Needs Code of Practice 2001) private nurseries and accredited childminders, amongst other groups, must â€Å"have regard† to the Code of Practice. Education Act 1981 Imposed the first obligations on Local Education Authorities to educate disabled children in mainstream schools. Introduced concept of â€Å"special educational needs†, and described a lengthy assessment procedure that took parents’ views into account. Children Act 1989 Children’s welfare declared to be â€Å"paramount†. Local authorities must promote the welfare of children in need (including children with disabilities) and provideShow MoreRelatedTda 2.4 Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People1458 Words   |  6 PagesChild (1989). These rights are extensive, including the right to education and the right for children and young people to have their views respected. The Children Act 1989 sets out the duty of local authorities to provide services according to the needs of all children and young people. Every Child Matters (ECM) is a UK government initiative launched in 2003 for England and Wales (GIRFEC – Getting it Right for Every Child is Scotland’s equivalent) which aims to ensure that every child and young personRead MoreIdentify the Current Legislation and Codes of Practice to the Promotion of Equality and Valuing of Diversity.1402 Words   |  6 Pagesin every aspect of practice and service provision. 3. Practitioners work with parents and families who are partners in the care, development and learning of their children and are the child’s first and most enduring educators. Values 1. The needs, rights and views of the child are the centre of all practice and provision 2. Individuality, difference and diversity are equally valued and celebrated 3. Equality of opportunity and anti-discriminatory practice are actively promoted 4. Children’sRead MoreEquality Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People956 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals and have individual rights; this is not the same as assuming that all children are the same. It is the policy, currently, to include all children in mainstream education so long as the curriculum can be adapted to suit an individual pupils needs. However there is no some thinking that this is not the best way forward, and perhaps SEN pupils should not be taught alongside mainstream pupils? This is something beyond the control of the school and would be set in legislation higher up in governmentRead MoreWhat Does Inclusive Education Means? Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesinclusive teachers, we need to first know the student and identify the real reasons for any individual to be classified as having a learning disability. In Australia, teachers must be familiar with the many federal and state laws, regulations, and frameworks, which apply to inclusive education. At a national level, the following Acts and Standards protect students: the Commonwealth (Cwlth) Anti-Discrimination Act 2004; Cwlth Disability Discrimination Act 1992; Racial Discrimination Act 1975; Cwlth SexRead MoreEquality Diversity and Inclusion1616 Words   |  7 PagesIn my opinion living in a diverse society, along with understanding and knowledge is a positive route to acceptance on a variety of levels. When looking at my own life values and experiences I feel that as a person I don’t have prejudices and discrimination, however dependant on circumstances and peers I may on occasion say something deemed to be a prejudice. However the audience I have understand that this isn’t my view and that the reason behind saying something is more as a joke. For example myRead MoreBeing Preoccupied With Their Own Needs989 Words   |  4 PagesPractitioners being preoccupied with their own needs Meanwhile, therapists, special education needs assistant, special educational needs teacher and support assistant being preoccupied with their own worries would affect the quality of care. For instance, if they were all worried about their family life and not as concentrated on how they could help the children. This can cause many children being neglected. The education of the children would be disturbed and they will not be able to teach the childrenRead MoreAn Effective Support Strategies For Students Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pagescounsellor, specialist services, medical world to make sure you are providing the appropriate support strategies for students? Collaboration is important in providing support strategies for all students in a school setting, not just the students that need specific learning plans. By collaborating with others such as parents or guardians, medical practitioners or other specialist services we can ensure that we are gathering enough information to be able to support these students in our classrooms andRead MoreSummarise the Laws and Codes of Practice Affecting Work in Schools.948 Words   |  4 Pagesdefines new rules in relation to childcare for working parents as well as parental information services. It is aimed at improving the well-being of young children. It emphasises the importance of safeguarding children and young people within an educational setting. If a child discloses neglect or abuse; an establishment should have instructions to help the child. This could be referral to an outside organisation or internally. †¢ Human Rights Act 1998 – is an Act that gives legal effect in the UKRead MoreEssay on Section 504 and The Americans with Disabilities Act951 Words   |  4 Pagesor be subjected to discrimination under any program receiving federal financial assistance. The foundation of the Section 504 is from the language of preceding civil rights laws that sheltered women and minorities. Section recognizes that history proves that humanity has treated people with disabilities as second-class citizens based on previous stereotypes. These types of attitudes have translated into policies based on paternalism. Section has acknowledged the discrimination of many children andRead MoreEquality Diversity Inclusion1538 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Explain what is meant by. Equality Equality is treating people fairly and making sure that everyone is given a fair chance and that their individual needs are met. It’s about giving all sections of the community equal access to employment, education and other services that are provided whilst valuing and respecting them. Recognising that different sections of the community require specific measures to make sure they receive equality. Recognising how and why some groups are underrepresented

Is the Best Yet to Come Free Essays

When the problem inside is detected and removed than the external environment can turn back Into stable stage of development. The consultants at McKinney Company suggested to analyses the organization using 7 key elements: ; Structure ; Systems ; Style ; staff ; Skills ; Strategy ; Shared values. [Pl] Source: http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Best Yet to Come or any similar topic only for you Order Now Middleton. Com/pages/article/newest_91 . HTML As model includes next items: ; Structure: shows the way organization Is structured and Interrelation of business units with each other. It indicates how employees interact with each other within the organization. ; Systems: the practices in which employees participate day-to-day, e. G. Organizational systems, financial systems etc. ; Style: description of the general way of conducting business within the company. Style is rather top-down image than bottom up concerning the top-management ruling the company and analyzing the attitude of deferent level employees on It. ; Staff: refers to the employees within personal development. ; Skills: refers to gained professional abilities of employees within the company. Strategy: the general plan of company’s management to induct its business currently and in the future. Strategy usually is made by corporate level managers to analyze the internal and external environment of the company and respond to changing demand within its specific industry. ; Shared values: refers to the core values of the company, for what it is created and what mission it has in society. In additi on there are also ethics principles serving as the guidelines for the company. Now we will analyze Struck based on McKinney As framework. 1 . Structure The general structure of Struck is very diversified and functional, basically including marketing, HER, CARS, Legal, and Finance etc. Figure 2. Struck’ structure [pick] Source: http://MBA. Tuck. Dartmouth. Deed/PDF/2002-1-0023. PDF Generally speaking, the structure of Struck doesn’t have strict hierarchy and is rather democratic. According to the case, full-time and part-time employees regarded as ‘partners of the company, and every one of them is granted a stock option in proportion to their base pay. In 1991 each partner was granted stock options worth 12% of base pay, and this continued then each October every year. In general the organizational structure is build in order to avoid high turnover rate and reduce staff retention as much as possible. The motivation of employees is high, and Struck’ turnover for store management is about 25%, compared to about 50% for other retail channels. 2. Systems Struck developed outstanding system techniques which helped sustain the leading position in the world among coffee-makers. Its unique system includes: ; Licenses stores and specialty sales licensing agreement, which managed market and distributing whole-bean and round coffees in grocery and mass-merchandise channels across the U. S. At the same time Struck controlled how customers would perceive Struck when they encountered it in grocery aisles. The company also created its own sales group that provided its coffee products to restaurants, airlines, hotels, universities, hospitals, business offices, country clubs and select retailers. ; Purchasing system Struck personnel traveled to coffee-producing countries to build relationships with growers and exporters, searching the sources that would meet its demands on quality and flavor. Because coffee industry depends a lot on weather conditions and different harvests, Struck set up fixed purchasing price to protect itself and get the bargaining power. ; Employee training Struck really believes that reducing the staff retention will help it to build strong brand, because the longer employees stay with the company, the more loyal customers the company will get. That’s why employees were trained and educated about coffee market, and afterwards shared their knowledge with customers. Thus Struck has developed system to build brand loyalty among its customers. Their raining covered also practices as set forth in the company’s operating manual, information systems, and the basis of managing people. 3. Style The managerial style of conducting business in Struck is characterized as oriented on leadership (trust, collaboration, people development, and ethics), creating the opportunities for employees further career development (employees provided with coaching and feedback) and educating style (company raised employees according to personal needs giving them coffee knowledge and expertise seminars). In general Struck is perceived as innovative, team-oriented and strong rand company. 4. Staff As long as Struck expanded internationally, company launched special hired high-motivated people who shared its love for coffee and had strong interest in it along with top-management. This has made Struck really unique and distinctive from its competitors company. In addition employees were guided by three principles: 1) maintain and enhance self-esteem 2) listen and acknowledge 3) ask for help. Thus employees became one of key figures to take part in company’s decision and empowered by top-management. The whole total care of employees has rough Struck reputation of well-respected company and helped it generate high-profit to satisfy shareholders’ needs. 5. Skills The workers of company are quite high skilful due to intensive training and recognition. Every partner/barista received at least 24 hours of training on coffee history, drinks preparation, customer service, coffee knowledge and so on. Customer service: we can see from the case that due to the employee coaching highly knowledgeable staff brought benefit to the company using friendly attitude to every customer, who wanted to come again and again to enjoy a cup of coffee in Struck. Customizing drink to customer specifications: workers were able to prepare grinding beans, steaming milk, learning to pull perfect cup of espresso, memorizing the recipes of different drinks – led to winning the prize among the target market. . Strategy Struck strategy was set up in order to build brand awareness, brand recognition, and brand association among its customers worldwide. Hence main strategies were implemented: A. Employee’s loyalty strategy: core strategy to win employee loyalty and commitment to company’s mission B. Store expansion strategy: choosing the best action in large cities and suburbia, creating best retail team in the coffee bar industry. World expansion has spread to Europe, China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan by 2005 by choosing licensing rather than franchising to tight controlling over its operations. C. Coffee purchasing strategy: Struck relied mostly on direct suppliers from coffee-producing countries rather than on media-suppliers, that helped to reduce costs and make economies of scale D. JP and acquisitions strategy: partnering with famous brands as PepsiCo, Dryer’s Grand Ice Cream Brands generated gross sales of over $8 million annually. Purchasing Ethos Water lead to expanding the line of beverages in the U. S. Overall operations has driven extremely high profit for Struck that achieved its strategic objectives. 7. Shared values Struck positions itself as contributing to the community and to the environment in which it operates. Along with care for employees, building trust and respecting techniques, it also set up one of the best valuable CARS strategy in the world, becoming an environmental leader in all facets of its business. For example using recycling material, avoiding genetically modified ingredients Struck has built a strong belief of customers in healthy products produced by the company. General As analysis shows that Struck doesn’t have any gaps in every sector of McKinney model. The company has very good top-down and bottom-up strategies, ensuring well-being of top-managers, customers and employees. But this analysis is mostly suitable for internal analysis of a company that helps to understand problems, which might appear when industry environment starts to change. How to cite Is the Best Yet to Come, Papers

Elements of Arts Essay Example For Students

Elements of Arts Essay Line Line is one of the elements of art. You can find lines OHare you look. There are many different kinds of lines. Here are some common lines: ay joining lines together, you can make shapes. Lines can also be used to create textures. Glossary Term: Shape Shape is one of the elements of art. When lines meet, shapes are formed. Shapes are flat. Some shapes are geometric, such as squares, circles, triangles, rectangles, and ovals. Other shapes are organic or irregular. These are geometric shapes. Organic shapes look like things from nature. Glossary Term: Space Space is one of the elements of art. Space is an empty place or surface in or around a work of art. Space can be dimensional, tatterdemalions, negative and/or positive, You can easily see the positive Dawson-Tobago, 1996 and negative space in this sculpture. Public art sculpture (title unknown) by Ace Artists also create positive and negative space in two-dimensional artworks, Glossary Term: Texture Texture is one of the elements of art. Texture is the way something feels when you touch it. Artists also create the illusion of texture in artworks such as paintings, drawings and prints. How would you describe these different textures? Glossary Term: Value Value is the lightness or darkness of a color. You can get different values Of a color by mixing its shades and tints. Principles of Art Glossary Term: Balance Balance is one of the principles of art which describes how artists to create visual weight. Artists think about how to make their works balanced by using elements such as line, shape and color. There are several ways to balance an artwork: Symmetrical (formal) balance means both sides of an imaginary line are the name, Asymmetrical (informal) balance means each side of an imaginary line are different yet equal. Glossary Term: Contrast Contrast is one of the principles of art which creates excitement and interest in artworks. Two things that are very different have a lot of contrast. White and black have the greatest contrast. Complementary colors also have high contrast. Artists use high contrast to make something show up. In Whitfield With Ravens, Vincent van Gogh used high contrast colors to make the yellow wheat fields stand out against the dark blue sky. Glossary Term: unity unity is one of the principles of art. unity is the feeling that everything in the work of art works together and looks like it fits. Gustavo Collegiate used shape to create unity. Repetition of shape and color can make an artwork unified Glossary Term: Variety Variety is one of the principles of art. Variety occurs when an artist creates something that looks different from the rest of the artwork. An artist may use variety to make you look at a certain part or make the artwork more interesting. Jasper Cropper paint ed a large tree to create variety in his landscape, In the Valley,

Funny Persuasive Speech Topics For College And School Students

Persuasive speech topics funny ones, especially - can be hard to come by. Yet, humor is an indelible attribute of a good speech. After all, you do not plan to bore your audience to death, do you? The good news is that practically any subject, even the most serious one can be approached from a funny angle. So unless you are discussing something extremely dramatic - like holocaust or terrorism, it is always possible to add some humor and make your speech more enjoyable. Here, a lot will depend on your imagination, of course. Next thing you will have to bear in mind while looking for funny persuasive speech topics is that any subject you choose should be suitable for your academic level - that is, high school or college. Obviously, the latter ones will have to a bit more serious. Ok now, let's give your inspiration a little boost! Find some examples of funny persuasive speech topics for different academic levels below: Funny persuasive speech topics for high school students Are we making too much fuss about tolerance? Feminism as the new religion Science vs. Creationism Are we relying on social norms too much? How is social media affecting our daily lives? Would we return to the stone age without technology? Are we relying on technology too much? Will the artificial intelligence affect our daily lives? Should we lower the drinking age? Why legalizing drugs can be a good thing? A gun in every house: new perspective on gun control Is global warming a myth? Are computers really making us smarter? Prejudice in daily life: how many things are we taking for granted? A selfie phenomenon: is quality photography dead? Should parents restrict their children's use of social media? Snapchat phenomenon: nudity in underage photos Why all high school relationships are so dramatic? Why we should really take great pity on bullies Is high school curriculum too much for the student? Should parents be allowed to monitor their kid's appearance? Teenage rebel as a sign of creativity Should all the world go vegan? What's going to happen to all the cows in the world if we all go vegan? Should parents have a say in a kid's choice of college? Should students be given less homework? Funny persuasive speech topics for college students Why the first year of college is the craziest one? The sex, drugs and rock-n-roll trap for freshmen students Why college students should always move out from their parents for the semester Library vs. the Internet: who beats whom? Should colleges be made free? Why the smartest students are not always the smartest? How useful is college education for your career? The startup boom and what it means for college students Should college students have an evening job? Racial stereotypes: how are they affecting our lives? If scientists stopped using jargon, students would be more successful Are women at power even more aggressive than men? Make love, not war: the hippie slogan in action Why you should never-ever marry at college Can feminism be considered discrimination against men? Are college degrees growing useless? How has social media changed our perception of peers? How has the social media affected the notion of a "popular kid"? Is psychology a real science? Should we dedicate that much on studying history and anthropology? Is sociology as a science really giving us a better perception of the society? Should religious people pay lower taxes? Are our scientific theories of world creation turning into a new religion? Are religious people psychologically conflicted? Can one man change the course of history? Structuring your speech Hopefully, one of those funny persuasive speech topics will appeal to you. And choosing the one you really like is already a promising start. Next, you will have to make a strong thesis statement and find enough factual evidence to support it. Ideally, you should make notes as you research the subject. All in all, three to five supportive arguments (with detailed explanations) are enough for a solid speech. However, remember that even a five-minute speech is an enormous job - especially if you are writing it for the first time. If your time is already running low, one of the best things to do would be to contact an essay writing service. While these companies do specialize in essays and research papers, the staff's expertise in writing is more than enough to help you with a speech, too. Even if you have already drafted a speech of your own, you might still want to google edit my paper. Once again, this is especially so for students working on their first speech ever. And even though the typos do not matter for an oral presentation, it does not mean that a professional editor is useless. Quite on the contrary, a writing expert can always help you spot the weak parts in your work - such as poor logical transitions and weak argumentation. All in all, it's worth a shot!

Human Prostate Essay Example

Human Prostate Essay Example Human Prostate Essay Human Prostate Essay 1 Introduction 1.1 The prostate The human prostate is a complex organ composed of glandular and non-glandular constructions, which are surrounded by a thin bed of connective tissue. It is located below the vesica and in forepart of the rectum, and surrounds the urethra. During embryogenesis, the prostate is formed through epithelial budding from the urogenital fistula, and undergoes extended ductal branch and ramification into the environing mesenchyme during pubescence. Prostate development during pubescence is regulated by male sex endocrines, in peculiar dihydrotestosterone. The prostate is a portion of the male generative system, but is non required for viability or birthrate. Its chief map is the secernment of the prostate fluid during interjection. Together with sperm cell and seminal cyst fluid, the prostate fluid constitutes the seeds and protects sperm from the sourness of the vaginal piece of land. A healthy grownup prostate has about the size and form of a walnut. The human prostate is really prone to pathology, particularly with progressing age. Expansion or hardening of the prostate, every bit good as elevated serum PSA degrees may bespeak upsets such as prostatitis, benign prostate hyperplasia ( BPH ) or prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. Prostatitis is an redness of the prostate secretory organ that can ensue in hurting, micturition jobs and sexual disfunctions. Acute and chronic signifiers of prostatitis can be distinguished, and are related to increase in serum PSA degrees, which normally decrease to normal values after intervention. Benign prostate hyperplasia ( BPH ) , characterized by increased proliferation of the prostate epithelial tissue and stroma, occurs spontaneously in work forces over the age of 30. A prevalence of about 100 % can be observed in work forces in their 9th decennary. The causes of BPH are mostly unknown, but there is a possible nexus to high fat diet, endocrines and household history. Although the symptoms of BPH resemble those of prostatic malignant neoplastic disease, it is non associated with prostate carcinoma and can be cured by medicine or surgery. BPH develops from the passage zone of the prostate, and its histological characteristics ( enlargement of the basal bed and extended stromal proliferation ) are distinguishable from those of prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. 1.2 Prostate malignant neoplastic disease, a soundless slayer The fact that prostate malignant neoplastic disease is a complex and heterogenous disease unusually hampers its sensing, forecast and the elucidation of its causes. The exact incidences responsible for the oncoming of this malignance are hence still vague. However, owing to epidemiological surveies, some possible hazard factors could be assigned. They include hormonal instabilities, environmental influences, age, heredity, genetic sciences and nutrition. In general, one hazard factor entirely is non sufficient to trip prostatic malignant neoplastic disease, but the concurrency of assorted elements is necessary. Since most of the investigated prostate carcinomas do non demo the same familial changes, it is hard to specify the exact responsible events. In the industrialised universe, prostate glandular cancer is the most common malignance diagnosed in work forces, and its metastatic signifier represents the 2nd cause of cancer-related decease. Cancer statistics estimate that about 1 adult male out of 5 will be diagnosed with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease during his life-time, and merely one tierce of the diagnosed instances are deadly. Unfortunately, it is hard to foretell the result of a diagnosed prostate malignant neoplastic disease instance, because the class of the disease varies significantly from patient to patient. It is impossible to find whether the carcinoma will stay faineant or becomes clinically aggressive. Although most prostatic malignant neoplastic disease instances neer become deadly and the patients dice of other causes, prostate malignant neoplastic disease still does kill around 30000 work forces per twelvemonth in the United States harmonizing to the American Cancer Society5 The prostate malignant neoplastic disease incidence varies widely between states, which suggests the deduction of life style and dietetic factors in prostate malignant neoplastic disease development. The highest rates are observed in industrialised states, such as the United States and Western Europe, while South and East Asia display the lowest incidence rates4. In Austria, around 3700 new instances of prostate malignant neoplastic disease were registered in 1996, and in 2005, the incidence was more than 5000. However, since mortality in prostatic malignant neoplastic disease patients did non increase in this period, the rapid addition of ascertained prostate malignant neoplastic disease instances is ascribed to improved and earlier diagnosing by the intensive development and execution of the PSA testing trial. 1.3 Diagnostic methods for prostate malignant neoplastic disease Although prostate malignant neoplastic disease is non needfully lethal, early sensing and intervention is indispensable for a successful remedy. When diagnosed and treated in the initial, organ-confined phase, prostate malignant neoplastic disease has a singular remedy rate of more than 90 % . On the other manus, untreated prostate malignant neoplastic disease can progress to more aggressive signifiers, which invade and metastasize to other variety meats, and eventually ensue in decease. Therefore, considerable attempt has been put into the designation of predictive markers and development of effectual showing trials. A first indicant for prostate malignant neoplastic disease can be obtained by Digital Rectal Examination ( DRE ) and transrectal ultrasound ( TRUS ) , by which the status of the prostate is evaluated by its surface. Healthy prostate tissue is soft, whereas a malignant prostate appears instead difficult and frequently asymmetrical. 1.3.1 Serum PSA as index for prostate malignances The most widely spread testing method is the prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) trial. PSA is produced entirely by prostatic epithelial cells and released with the ejaculatory fluid. Small sums of PSA can be traced in the blood, and elevated serum PSA degrees can bespeak prostatic redness, infection or malignant neoplastic disease. The PSA trial measures the sum of PSA in the blood in ng/mL, and a value of up to 4 ng/mL is considered to be normal for work forces of age around 60. However, since the PSA degree additions with age, PSA values of more than 4.5 ng/ml for work forces over 70 are besides considered to be normal. Therefore, it is besides of import to detect the addition of PSA degrees over clip. False positive ( elevated PSA degree, but no malignant neoplastic disease ) or false negative consequences ( normal PSA degree, but malignant neoplastic disease ) are the major disadvantages of the PSA trial ; hence, a subsequent acerate leaf biopsy is obligatory to decidedly govern out the presence of malignant neoplastic disease when the PSA degree is high. Alternatively, for better indicant of prostate malignant neoplastic disease, the ratio of free PSA to number PSA is measured. Malignant prostate cells produce more complexed PSA, i.e. PSA edge to other proteins in the blood. A low degree of free PSA in relation to entire PSA ( free + bound PSA ) might bespeak a cancerous prostate, whereas a high degree of free PSA compared to entire PSA might bespeak a normal prostate, BPH or prostatitis. 1.3.2 Tumor biopsy and histological scaling In order to govern out the type of malignant neoplastic disease, its location and phase of development, cell samples from several countries of the prostate are extracted with a biopsy acerate leaf and graded harmonizing to the Gleason scaling system. The Gleason scaling system assesses specific characteristics, such as the glandular construction, size and form, every bit good as the grade of invasion, and evaluates the prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells on a graduated table between 1 and 5 ( Figure 1 ) . A higher Gleason grade indicates a more aggressive and advanced malignant neoplastic disease. Gleason grade 1 and 2 represent well-differentiated malignant neoplastic disease cells with regular forms and chiseled boundaries that still resemble healthy prostate cells. The most common Gleason class is Gleason class 3 and depict cells that are moderately-differentiated. Gleason grade 4 and 5 correspond to poorly-differentiated malignant neoplastic disease cells with ill defined boundaries and bespeak a more aggressive malignant neoplastic disease. Since cancerous prostates are outstandingly heterogenous and consist of countries with different classs, a combined Gleason mark is necessary for a more exact theatrical production of the malignant neoplastic disease. The combined Gleason mark represents the amount of the two most common classs within a tumour. For illustration, if the most common form is grade 4, and the 2nd most common form grade 3, the combined Gleason mark is 7 ( i.e. 4+3 ) . Harmonizing to the Gleason mark, the tumour is so defined as well-differentiated ( Gleason score 2 4 ) , moderately-differentiated ( Gleason score 5 -6 ) or poorly-differentiated ( Gleason score 7 10 ) . In general, a lower combined Gleason mark indicates a less aggressive malignant neoplastic disease, whereas a higher Gleason mark signifies a more aggressive malignant neoplastic disease with hapless forecast for long-run endurance. Cancers with a high Gleason mark are more likely to hold already metastasized to other variety meats at the clip of diagnosing. Figure 1: Conventional diagram of the Gleason scaling system Conventional diagram of the Gleason scaling system ( courtesy of Dr. D.F. Gleason, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Integrated design courtesy of Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center 1.4 The class of prostate malignant neoplastic disease Most prostatic tumours grow really easy and remain faineant for many old ages, such that the bulk of work forces diagnosed with prostate malignant neoplastic disease dice of other causes than prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. The clinical class of prostatic malignant neoplastic disease is characterized by several phases ( Figure 2 ) . Potential precursor lesions, referred to as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia ( PIN ) , can be observed in work forces already in their mid-twentiess, and their incidence additions with patient age. Although there is no definite grounds for PIN being the precursor of prostate malignant neoplastic disease, it is considered to be closely related to it. Most normally, PIN lesions arise in the peripheral zone of the prostate, with secretory epithelial cells get downing to turn in an uncontrolled mode, organizing little bunchs of malignant neoplastic disease cells. The clumps consist of luminal epithelial cells with atomic and structural atypia, but integral basal cell bed and cellar membrane. The multifocal nature and chromosomal abnormalcies of PIN lesions resemble those of invasive carcinoma. Since PIN lesions do non bring forth increased degrees of serum PSA, they can be detected merely in biopsy samples, and non through blood proving. Two signifiers of PIN can be distinguished harm onizing to their badness low class ( LG ) and high class ( HG ) PIN. Slowly, but increasingly, high class PIN lesions farther develop to invasive carcinoma, with cancerous cells distributing into the stroma around the prostate tissue. This is facilitated by the loss of the basal epithelial tissue. By and large, the visual aspect of HG PIN precedes the visual aspect of invasive carcinoma by at least 10 old ages. The concluding measure is the acquisition of the ability to last in the absence of androgens. The ab initio hormone-responsive malignant neoplastic disease cells become androgen independent and invade proximate variety meats ( e.g. seminal cysts or the rectum ) , or metastasise via the blood stream or the lymphatic system to more distant variety meats. The most common sites of metastasis are castanetss, lymph nodes, rectum and vesica. Clinically, morphologically and molecular genetically, prostate malignant neoplastic disease shows extensive heterogeneousness. One cancerous secretory organ can incorporate non-cancerous cells every bit good as multiple malignant focal point, and tumours of the same phase can demo unusually different clinical classs. 1.4.1 Prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction Much attempt has been put into clarifying the factors responsible for the oncoming of prostate malignant neoplastic disease. However, the exact events associated with prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction still remain mostly unknown. Many hypotheses are based on chronic infection or chronic inflammatory diseases, which are thought to be the cause of approximately 20 % of all human malignant neoplastic diseases, including prostate malignant neoplastic disease, . Exposure to environmental factors, viral or bacterial infective agents or dietetic carcinogens, every bit good as hormonal instabilities, can take to prostate tissue harm. Subsequently, as an effort to renew lost or injured tissue, prostate epithelial cells proliferate at a higher rate, giving rise to a lesion called proliferative inflammatory wasting ( PIA ) . PIA is non merely characterized by increased cell proliferation, but besides by extended infiltration of inflammatory cells. PIA is thought to be a possible precursor of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia ( PIN ) , and hence considered as a precancerous lesion. The hypothesis that PIA and PIN are precursors to prostate malignant neoplastic disease is supported by the fact that both lesions derive fr om the peripheral zone, like prostate carcinoma, and are found in many extremist prostatectomy samples. Another hypothesis for prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction proposes unbalanced interaction between smooth musculus and epithelial tissue. Homeostatic epithelial/stromal interactions play an indispensable function in the growing of the normal prostate, whereas break of this homeostasis has been found in the neoplastic prostate. Familial harm in the prostate epithelial tissue potentially leads to interrupt signaling to the next stroma, which in bend, fails to signal suitably back to the epithelial tissue. Therefore, ordinance of prostatic epithelial growing and distinction is increasingly lost, ensuing in uncontrolled proliferation that contributes to tumorigenesis. Other hypotheses propose the deduction of prostate malignant neoplastic disease primogenitor cells with root cell belongingss. These primogenitor cells, which make out merely 0,1 % of the entire prostate cells, are thought to be present in a prostate root cell niche at the cellar membrane of the prostate secretory organ and can be characterized by several root cell markers, such as CD133, root cell antigen ( Sca-1 ) or prostatic root cell antigen ( PSCA ) . They besides have basal cell features, such as androgen-independency due to miss of AR, and look K5, K14, p63, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and telomerase. The primogenitor cells are thought to bring forth intermediate cells that farther differentiate to neuroendocrine and luminal secretory epithelial cells. Deregulated signaling in these multipotent root cells or the intermediate cells perchance affects their distinction and consequences in limitless cell division and reduced programmed cell death. 1.4.2 Prostate malignant neoplastic disease patterned advance The trademark of advanced prostate malignant neoplastic disease is the passage from androgen-dependence to androgen-independence. Like the normal prostate, early phases of prostate malignant neoplastic disease require the presence of androgen for development, growing and endurance. The chief androgen circulating in the serum is testosterone. In the prostate epithelial tissue, testosterone is converted by the enzyme 5-a-reductase to its metabolic signifier dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , and exerts its physiological map through the androgen receptor ( AR ) , a member of the steroid endocrine superfamily of ligand-activated receptors. The pioneering work of Huggins and Hodges has shown that prostate malignant neoplastic disease is inhibited by riddance of androgen. As a effect, androgen extirpation therapy has been established as an efficient intervention option for early disease phases. In contrast, tumour cells are feasible in low androgen degrees in advanced or stubborn disease, which renders hormone extirpation therapy at ulterior phases ineffective. Despite extended probe, the mechanisms taking to androgen-independent disease are still non to the full understood. It is ill-defined whether the ability to proliferate and last in the absence of androgen is acquired by tumour cells in advanced phases of the disease, or whether emasculation degrees of androgen enforce a selective force per unit area and supply a growing advantage for tumour cells that are already androgen-independent for some ground. Sing the root cell hypothesis for malignant neoplastic disease, it is proposed that the prostate malignant neoplastic disease root or primogenitor cells are capable of continuously providing the tumour with limitless cell populations by distinguishing into androgen-dependent every bit good as androgen-independent cells, therefore supplying tumour stuff that is non affected by androgen-depletion therapy. Most surveies, though, were focused on androgen and its blood relation receptor, uncovering abundant information on their possible functions in the class of the disease, . However, the acquisition of androgen-independence is besides possible through mechanisms that wholly bypass androgen map. Ligand-independent mechanisms that induce AR signaling indirectly include cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, and neuropeptides released by neuroendocrine cells. The presence of neuroendocrine cells has been shown to be frequent in androgen-refractory prostate malignant neoplastic disease, and their tumor-promoting consequence is based on the secernment of neuropeptides such as 5-hydroxytryptamine or bombesin, which can increase the proliferation of neighbouring cells, leting them to turn in a low-androgen environment. It has been shown that secretory proteins from neuroendocrine cells can increase the degrees of active AR and bring on the NF-kB tract in LNCaP cells. A mechanism taking to androgen independency, but wholly short-circuiting the AR tract, is the acquisition of opposition to apoptosis by prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells.. This can be attained through several mechanisms, such as overexpression of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 household, loss or mutant of p53 map, inactivation of PTEN and subsequent activation of the PI3K/Akt tract, every bit good as overexpression of inhibitors of programmed cell death ( IAPs ) . Other factors, such as tumour hypoxia, increased autocrine and paracrine release of growing factors ( EGF, IGF, TGF- A ; Atilde ; Y1 ) , every bit good as cytokines and inflammatory go-betweens such as TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 besides lead to apoptosis equivocation. 1.5 Curative options Initially, when the growing of the prostate tumour is localized and dependent on androgens, patients can be efficaciously treated by androgen-deprivation. The handiness of testosterone, which prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells need to turn, can be reduced by surgery ( extremist or partial prostatectomy ) , emasculation ( hormonal therapy ) , or radiation therapy. In most of the instances, a arrested development of the tumour can be achieved, and the remittals normally last 2 to 3 old ages ( Zitat ) . However, active surveillance by regular DRE and PSA trials, every bit good as periodic biopsies are necessary to carefully track for marks of disease patterned advance, because in the bulk of instances, recurrent tumours arise. They are normally more aggressive and accompanied by unsuitably restored androgen signaling and androgen-independence, doing androgen-deprivation therapy ineffective. Chemotherapy is non the primary therapy for prostate malignant neoplastic disease, but instead an option when the malignant neoplastic disease has metastasized to other parts of the organic structure. Unfortunately, it is non really efficient and hence, recurrent and metastasized prostate malignant neoplastic disease is considered as incurable with a life anticipation of 16-18 months. 1.6 Familial alterations happening in prostate malignant neoplastic disease On the molecular degree, the development of prostate malignant neoplastic disease is a complex and multi-step procedure, necessitating the interaction of several events, such as mutants, cistron elaboration, overexpression of transforming genes or loss of tumour suppresser cistrons. Since prostate tumours are heterogenous, they can incorporate multiple focal point that are genotypically distinguishable from each other, exposing benign secretory organs, preneoplastic lesion ( PIN ) every bit good as neoplastic focal point in one tumour. Therefore, it is hard to find the exact molecular participants involved in the induction and each measure of disease patterned advance, although legion surveies have been focused on this issue. So far, no specific prostatic malignant neoplastic disease cistron has been identified, but epidemiological surveies have revealed some cistrons that appear often in familial prostate malignant neoplastic disease, such as ELAC2, cistrons interceding the host r esponse to infections ( e.g. RNASEL and MSR1 ) , or cell rhythm checkpoint cistrons ( e.g. NBS1, CHEK2 ) . However, they seem to be non merely restricted to familial prostate malignant neoplastic disease, but have been reported to be implicated in sporadic prostate malignant neoplastic disease every bit good. Therefore, it is non possible to separate between familial and sporadic disease on the molecular degree, or to delegate high prostate malignant neoplastic disease hazard cistrons . However, most prostate malignant neoplastic diseases are sporadic and expose a battalion of familial alterations, including polymorphisms, bodily mutants and chromosomal abnormalcies. Polymorphisms are non merely associated with an increased susceptibleness to develop prostatic disease, but besides with advanced prostate malignant neoplastic disease. The most of import and most frequent polymorphism happening in prostatic malignant neoplastic disease patients affects the androgen receptor polyglutamine repetitions [ ( CAG ) n ] , which have been reported to be significantly shortened specifically in high class and metastatic prostate malignant neoplastic disease, , . In advanced prostate malignant neoplastic disease, besides the cistrons for the vitamin D receptor, p21 and p27 have been reported to be affected by polymorphisms. Mutants have been found in legion familial venue, and characteristic chromosomal changes are associated with each disease phase. They affect cistrons that play of import functions in different signaling tracts, and by and large result either in inactivation of tumour suppresser cistrons or over-activation of transforming genes. 1.6.1 Genes modulating normal prostate development 1.6.1.1 The androgen receptor is required for steroid hormone action The androgen receptor is a member of the superfamily of ligand-activated steroid receptors. Its functional spheres consist of an N-terminal sphere interceding the transcriptional activity, a DNA-binding sphere ( DBD ) , a flexible joint part and a C-terminal ligand-binding sphere ( LBD ) . The N-terminal sphere contains a transcriptional activation part ( AF-1 ) and is responsible for interaction with co-regulators ( co-activators and co-repressors ) . It contains long poly-glutamine and poly-glycine repetitions, which undergo important shortening in aggressive malignant neoplastic diseases 21. The DNA-binding sphere contains a cysteine-rich part with two zinc-fingers, and recognizes androgen-responsive elements ( AREs ) on the foil parts of AR-target cistrons. The hinge part of the AR includes a atomic translocation signal, every bit good as phosphorylation and acetylation sites. And eventually, the C-terminal sphere contains a 2nd transcriptional activation part ( AF-2 ) and is res ponsible for ligand binding. In the absence of endocrine, the AR is chiefly located in the cytol and is inactivated through binding to heat daze proteins ( HSPs ) . Binding of endocrine to the LBD evokes AR conformation alterations, phosphorylation, dimerization, dissociation from HSPs and translocation to the karyon, where it binds to the AREs of AR-regulated cistrons. Additionally, a composite of co-activators and co-repressors, every bit good as chromatin remodeling proteins are required for ordinance of the AR transcriptional activity. 1.6.1.2 Nkx3.1 is the earliest known marker for prostate epithelial tissue Nkx3.1 encodes a extremely prostate-specific homeobox cistron that is critical for all facets of a functional prostate. It is associated with each phase of prostate development, runing from embryologic prostate formation and ripening to adult map and individuality. Nkx3.1 is the earliest known molecular marker of the prostate epithelial tissue and purely governs the most initial stairss of prostate formation. It is hypothesized that Nkx3.1 look provides a pre-determination of the urogenital fistula epithelial tissue into distinguishable prostate and non-prostatic parts during embryogenesis, and steadfastly regulates early postpartum ductal morphogenesis. Furthermore, it is required for secretory protein production and regulates prostate epithelial cell proliferation for care of the differentiated province of the normal prostate. Within the prostate, Nkx3.1 look is restricted to the karyon of luminal epithelial cells, but is absent in radical epithelial cells, which are found between the luminal cells and the cellar membrane. Its look in the prostate epithelial tissue precedes that of the AR, but the subsequent care of Nkx3.1 protein degrees is dependent on AR signaling. It has been shown that Nkx3.1 look is significantly down-regulated after emasculation or androgen-depletion ; nevertheless, the mechanisms for the ordinance of Nkx3.1 look by AR signaling are ill-defined. Like other written text factors, Nkx3.1 binds to downstream mark cistrons through specific consensus sequences in order to modulate their look. However, the exact mechanisms ( adhering as a monomer or as a dimer ) and the individuality of regulated cistrons are mistily known. Potential mark cistrons are smooth musculus a-actin ( SMA ) and prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) . Besides its function in the normal prostate as the drive force for ductal branch and secretory protein production, Nkx3.1 is supposed to hold tumour suppresser maps, although it is non defined as a authoritative tumour suppresser cistron. Alternatively, it appears to instead forestall the induction of prostate malignant neoplastic disease by equilibrating between cell proliferation and cell decease. Nkx3.1 provides a molecular nexus between the mechanisms that control normal prostatic distinction and those that lead to uncontrolled epithelial proliferation during carcinogenesis. 1.6.2 Genes involved in induction and early phases of prostate malignant neoplastic disease 1.6.2.1 Loss of Nkx3.1 map is associated with prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction The human Nkx3.1 cistron maps to the minimum part of chromosome 8p21, a prostate malignant neoplastic disease hot topographic point , which undergoes allelomorphic omission in 60-80 % of prostate tumours, , , . Loss of Nkx3.1 map is associated with prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction and occurs every bit early as in PIN lesions. As Nkx3.1 is indispensable for normal development and map of the prostate, its inactivation consequences in defects in canal formation and secretory protein production. Furthermore, the ordinance of prostatic epithelial cell proliferation is disrupted, taking to the development of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia that increases in badness with progressing age, as has been modeled in transgenic mice by targeted silencing of Nkx3.1, . At nowadays, merely allelomorphic omission of the venue incorporating Nkx3.1 has been found in human prostate tumours, but there is no grounds for the presence of mutants in the coding sequence of the staying Nkx3.1 transcript. Rather, loss of Nkx3.1 map consequences from epigenetic inactivation through loss of protein look during prostatic malignant neoplastic disease development. Despite the fact that loss of Nkx3.1 map is a predisposing factor for developing prostatic malignant neoplastic disease, this event entirely is non sufficient to drive tumorigenesis. It is instead hypothesized that collaborating events such as loss of other tumour suppresser cistrons like PTEN, are necessary to originate malignant neoplastic disease. 1.6.2.2 Overexpression of c-myc contributes to tumorigeneity and androgen-independence C-myc is a critical regulator of development, distinction and cell growing, and its mark cistrons are involved in many cellular maps such as cell rhythm, programmed cell death, protein synthesis, and cell metamorphosis. The c-myc protein contains a possible transactivation sphere within its N-terminus and a helix-loop-helix leucine slide fastener ( HLH/LZ ) sphere with a dimerization site at its C-terminal terminal. C-myc action is regulated through binding of Mad/Max proteins, Amplification of the human chromosome 8q24, which contains the c-myc cistron, is one of the most common familial changes happening in a broad assortment of malignant neoplastic diseases. Increased c-myc protein and activity have been found in a important per centum of prostate tumours ( 11-40 % ) , , in all phases of the disease runing from PIN to more advanced and metastatic malignant neoplastic disease, . Besides elaboration of the c-myc venue, besides chromosomal translocations or point mutants of the c-myc cistron lead to increased activation of c-myc. However, the precise functional function of c-myc in prostate malignant neoplastic disease is non to the full understood. It has been shown that c-myc is able to bring on telomerase activity, which is required for care of telomere length, and therefore contributes to the immortality of tumour cells. This confers a proliferative advantage to malignant cells by leting them to turn under limited growing factor conditions. Furthermore, it has been proposed that the AR regulates c-myc at a posttranscriptional degree, and that c-myc is required for androgen-dependent growing at early malignant neoplastic disease phases. At subsequently phases, c-myc perchance contributes to androgen-independent growing of prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells, which is indicated by the presence of significantly increased c-myc elaboration after anti-androgen intervention and the growing of androgen-dependent LNCaP cells without androgen stimulationz. With enhanced c-myc activity, the cells are able to get the better of the cell rhythm obstruction imposed by the suppression of AR signaling. Several lines of grounds have shown that overexpression of c-myc alone is sufficient to bring on PIN and prostatic malignant neoplastic disease in transgenic mice, . However, the effects of c-myc seem to be contradictory, because on the one manus, it drives cell proliferation and contributes to tumorigenesis, but on the other manus, it has pro-apoptotic activity, peculiarly in limited growing factor conditions. However, other endurance signals and secondary cooperating effects can short-circuit programmed cell death driven by c-myc overexpression. A proposed cooperating molecular event implicated in the patterned advance of c-myc-driven prostate malignant neoplastic disease is loss of Nkx3.1. Both events are proposed to complement each other and appear at different clip points during the passage from PIN to malignant neoplastic disease in a mouse theoretical account 39. This is besi

The Current Economic Crisis in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Current Economic Crisis in Australia - Essay Example Banks may be unable to reconstruct for the huge losses which have rooted or incurred by borrowers, default on interest as well as principle repayments. Another impact if investors and banks will not be able to make for the losses would be the increase credit card rates as well as other bank charges to make consumers compensate for the irresponsibility of the financial institutions and other banks. ABC News (2009) reported that, the economic meltdown will result to political instability. The impact of rigorously declined economic activity will spectacularly impact on Australia due to the fact that, narrow economic base, latent as it does on mining as well as agriculture, the former reliant on sales to China while the latter on the wheat sales, wool and meat. The Australian Business (2009) reported that, National Australia Bank warned regarding bad debts which were on the rise; the global economic catastrophe was hurting all its businesses. The economic crisis that Australia is now suffering may be the outcome of the credit expansion. This present crisis is the unavoidable development to a boom that necessarily follows each boom spawned by the effort to decline the "natural rate of interest" by escalating the fiduciary media. The unprofitability of numerous branches of production as well as the unemployment of a substantial portion of the workers can apparently not be owed to the deceleration in business single-handedly. Both the unprofitability and the being without a job are quite intensified by the general depression. Nonetheless, the populations are confronted with a new problem which is not yet fully answered by principles of cyclical changes alone (Ludwig Von Misses Institute,... This essay highlights the key reasons for the current economic crisis in Australia and discusses the likely effects to the country. The road to crisis in today’s economic crisis can be linked to the drastic privatization in Australia, to name some include: airports, port facilities, railways power, water, telecommunications. The economic crisis may also be the outcome of the credit expansion. This present crisis is the unavoidable development to a boom that necessarily follows each boom spawned by the effort to decline the â€Å"natural rate of interest† by escalating the fiduciary media. The unprofitability of numerous branches of production as well as the unemployment of a substantial portion of the workers can apparently not be owed to the deceleration in business single-handedly. Both the unprofitability and the being without a job are quite intensified by the general depression. The populations are confronted with a problem which is not yet answered by principles of cyclical changes alone The severity of the growth turn down will depend upon what happens to China. The Australian federal government has been alleged of being a government in no power to control the big banks as well as corporations. The huge institutions have apprehensive words of the Federal Treasurer. It seems that the banks are no longer ready to be restrained by the Reserve Bank or federal government . Australian federal government should restore some control over the economic direction since it is more essential than any further privatization.

Protest Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Protest Paper - Essay Example This is a movement that seems to be gaining ground across the states ever since New York passed their city council resolution banning the use of cellphones in cinemas, restaurants, and theatres. Even cities in foreign countries such as London, England have made moves to limit the public use of the mobile phone. I feel that the moves of these cities, which are on opposite ends of the world, to curtail the freedom of expression and right to remain connected with one another should be stopped before it becomes a world wide trend. It is an infringement on our universal human rights and should not be tolerated in any part of the world. There is absolutely no reason to ban the use of cellphones in public places. In fact, doing so will instead create a bigger problem for our society in terms of personal and public safety. It is difficult to walk in the streets these days without seeing a person who isn't on his mobile phone. Be it a friendly chat or something truly important, we have to adm it that there are opportune and inopportune times and places for people to be using their mobile phones. When a person uses his mobile phone during the wrong times, this can cause annoyance, interference, and disruption in the normal function of our society. Those who support the total ban of cellphone use in public places do so because, as everyone tends to notice, people who are talking on their mobile phones while walking or in public places like restaurants and cinemas, tend to do so at the top of their lungs, I am not sure if that is because of a bad signal reception or because they are simply hard of hearing. Whatever the reason, shouting into your cellphone while in a public place is an embarrassing nuisance to those around you. However, if the only reason that cellphone use in public places is being frowned upon is because it poses a discomfort to those who do not happen to be on their mobile phones at the time, perhaps something can be done to lessen the hassle that they pe rceive to be undergoing when placed in the company of people who regularly use their cellphones. In other words, maybe the ban on cellphone use in public can be prevented, for as long as cellphone users learn to exercise good manners and proper etiquette when using the gadget in a public setting. Simple etiquette such as placing the ringer on vibrate rather than letting the phone ring to the latest Lady Gaga pop tune would show that you respect the activity of people who are doing other things, such as eating, reading or writing next to you. Every cellphone is capable of notifying you of your latest text message or phone call without having to throw an impromptu concert in the process. Of course conversations in public cannot be helped. In fact, we all communicate with one another when out in public and we do not seem to have a problem with the mix of words and discussions in public places as a society. Which is why I wonder as to why people protest the use of mobile phones so much. It's still a method of carrying on a conversation, that's all. But, just to show respect for those who do not wish to know what is going in the life of the person using the cellphone, it won't hurt to learn how to modulate your voice in order to keep a semblance of privacy within your conversation. Nobody really needs to know that you forgot to feed the cat

Decisions in Paradise Part II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Decisions in Paradise Part II - Essay Example Despite the business risk associated with the Kava project there are also tremendous opportunities and benefits associated with the project if the company takes advantage it. At the turn of the second decade of the 21st century we have reached a point in our history in which society expects more from corporations than ever. A company that finds a special needs community such as Kava which has been forgotten by the rest of society can utilized their business investment as a catalyst for a global social responsibility campaign. The first alternative solution is to build a brand new factory in Kava to expand the production capacity of the enterprise. This alternative implies the highest capital commitment of any other alternative. The company is facing political pressures from the Kava government for greater involvement in the community. The solution would comply with the political factor, but it might not be the best alternative because there are other stakeholders to consider. The business risk associated with this alternative is high. Kava has a topography and geographic location that makes it susceptible to natural disasters such as tidal waves, tsunamis, typhoons, hurricanes, floods, fires, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes (Decisions in Paradise: How to Be, or Not to Be, 2009). There are other issues in Kava. The population is at high risk for Avian Flu and the population faces an HIV / AIDS epidemic. The island is susceptible to petroleum spills, which is an undesirable business risk due to the pot ential ecological disaster in the entire island. The region has a high risk for both domestic and foreign terrorist attacks. The shareholders of the company that invested a lot of money in the firm must be considered, thus the philanthropic plan in Kava cannot exceed business logic. In order to provide an analysis utilizing critical thinking techniques a model that applies

Analysis Of Leadership Styles Politics Essay

Analysis Of Leadership Styles Politics Essay This report was commissioned to represent comparative analysis of leadership styles of two presidents of the United States of America that is one ex-president George W. Bush and current president Barack H. Obama. The object of discussion is to compare and contrast leadership qualities of both presidents based on basic leadership theories that were introduced in literature review: Great Man theory, traits theory, and behavioral approach, contingency, transformational and transactional theories. As per requirements it was done the introduction of the background of two personalities including their childhood, university years and career. It was done overview of leadership qualities of them where B. Obama is represented as a political leader with good political skills, great ability to public communication, organizational capacity and emotional intelligence and G.W. Bush as a leader with prominent political vision and skills. Except that it was expressed my own opinion about two leaders where is the most admirable politician is George W. Bush who is top-down, no-nonsense, decisive, macho leader who sets his eye on the far horizon and doesnt go wobbly getting there. In a conclusion it is essential to say that The President of the United States of America is granted significant powers by the Constitution and exercises others by tradition and precedent. He has to inspire the confidence of the people. Every President has to become a leader, and to be a leader he must attract people who are willing to follow him. INTRODUCTION Leadership is an influence relationship among leaders and their collaborators who intend real changes that reflect their mutual purposes( Komives, Woodard, 2003). Leader are somebody whom people follow and guide people. Leaders are the head of the nation, political party, legislative body or military unit. A type of Leader is  determined and identified by the core trait  that  is  emphasized and  by the  combination of other core traits that are  displayed and used to gain the trust of the people and Lead them to undertake the major task facing the organization(www.scribd.com) Some characteristics of leaders: Leaders are essential for setting the company vision, assessing where the company stands and making difficult choices. Leaders must be able to pull a team together, solve problems and develop strategies. Leaders Challenge people. Leaders build their peoples Confidence. Leaders Coach the people they lead. Leaders challenge people by bringing them out of their comfort zones, enabling people to reach successes that they never thought they could achieve. Leaders boost confidence and put their faith in their people to deliver the goal. Leaders reward intelligent failures, or the sincere effort to achieve, even if the effort may fail. Leaders communicate a clear and compelling vision to challenge people to think and act differently as they pursue a new agenda. BACKGROUND Barack Obama Obama is actually of mixed heritage. He was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii. His father Barack Obama Senior was from Kenya and Obamas mother, Ann Durham, was originally from Kansas. The marriage between Obamas parents was a short-lived one, however. In the early 1960s, interracial relationships were still quite rare in many parts of America, and even technically illegal in some states. When Obama was two years old they divorced, and his father left Hawaii to enter Harvard University to earn a Ph.D. in economics. The two Baracks met again only once, when Obama was ten, though they did write occasionally. Barack Sr. eventually returned to Kenya and died in a car accident there in the early 1980s. Obamas mother remarried a man from Indonesia who worked in the oil industry, and when Obama was six they moved there. The family lived near the capital of Jakarta, where his half-sister Maya was born. At the age of ten, Obama returned to Hawaii and lived with his maternal grandparents. Obama entered in kindergarten level in Noelani Elementary school located at Honolulu, Hawaii and then from first to fourth grade he done education in Jakarta, Indonesia. Fifth through twelfth grade he done education again in Honolulu, Hawaii. Obama got High school diploma from Punahou and went on to Occidental College in Los Angeles, where he decided to get serious about his studies. Midway through, he transferred to the prestigious Columbia University in New York City. After he earned his undergraduate degree in political science, he became a community organizer in Harlem-but quickly realized he could not afford to live in the city with a job that paid so little. Instead, he moved to Chicago to work for a church-based social-services organization there. Obama applied to and was accepted at Harvard Law School. In 1990, he was elected president of the Harvard Law Review journal (http://www.notablebiographies.com). Also during his law school years, Obama spent eight days in Los Angeles taking a national training course on Alinsky methods of organizing(Lizza, Ryan, 2007). Barack Hussein Obama was elected the 44th president of the United States on November 2008(http://www.nytimes.com). George Walker Bush He was born in New Haven, Connecticut on 1946. Bush was the first child of George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with his four siblings. Bushs grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut. Bushs father, George H. W. Bush, served as U.S. Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and U.S. President from 1989 to 1993 ( Clarita, CalBoyer, 1995). As a child, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas until the family moved to Houston after he completed seventh grade. He then went to The Kinkaid School, a prep school in Houston, for two years (http://www.lib.utexas.edul). Bush finished his high school years at Phillips Academy. Bush attended Yale University from 1964 to 1968, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history. During this time, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, being elected the fraternitys president during his senior year. He characterized himself as an average student. Beginning in the fall of 1973, Bush at tended the Harvard Business School, where he earned an MBA. He was the only U.S. President to have earned an MBA(http://www.americanthinker.com). In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the Texas Air National Guard. After two years of active-duty service while training, he was assigned to Houston, flying Convair F-102s out of Ellington Air Force Base. In October 1973, Bush was discharged from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to inactive duty in the Air Force Reserve. He was honorably discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974, at the end of his six-year service obligation (http://www.dod.mil). He married on November 1977. In 1982 he would have a twin daughter. George W. Bush served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001-2009. MAIN BODY 3.1 Theories on Leadership Leadership has different meaning to different authors. Harry Truman, the American President, said that leadership is the ability to get men (women) to do what they dont like to do and like it (Greenstein, 1989). Leadership is defined as influence, that is the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically towards the achievement of group goals(Koontz, Weihrich, 2006). So a good leader is a maker of men, developer of subordinates and creator of worthy lieutenants. The activities of successful effective leaders: H:College filecollege fileSemester 5MLSAssignmentUntitled.png (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() John Adair has a long pedigree in the world of leadership. The Adair model is that the action-centered leader gets the job done through the work team and relationships with fellow managers and staff. According to Adairs explanation an action-centered leader must: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ direct the job to be done (task structuring) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ support and review the individual people doing it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ co-ordinate and foster the work team as a whole TEAM TASK INDIVIDUAL The challenge for the leader is to manage all sectors of the diagram: Task define the task make the plan allocate work and resources control quality and rate of work check performance against plan adjust the plan Team maintain discipline build team spirit encourage, motivate, give a sense of purpose appoint sub-leaders ensure communication within group develop the group Individual attend to personal problems praise individuals give status recognise and use individual abilities develop the individual A review of the leadership literature reveals an evolving series of schools of thought from Great Man and Trait theories to Transformational leadership (see table). Whilst early theories tend to focus upon the characteristics and behaviors of successful leaders, later theories begin to consider the role of followers and the contextual nature of leadership (Gronn, 1995). Great Man Theories Based on the belief that leaders are exceptional people, born with innate qualities, destined to lead. The use of the term man was intentional since until the latter part of the twentieth century leadership was thought of as a concept which is primarily male, military and Western. This led to the next school of Trait Theories Trait Theories The lists of traits or qualities associated with leadership exist in abundance and continue to be produced. They draw on virtually all the adjectives in the dictionary which describe some positive or virtuous human attribute, from ambition to zest for life Behavioral Theories These concentrate on what leaders actually do rather than on their qualities. Different patterns of behavior are observed and categorized as styles of leadership. This area has probably attracted most attention from practicing managers Contingency Theory This is a refinement of the situational viewpoint and focuses on identifying the situational variables which best predict the most appropriate or effective leadership style to fit the particular circumstances Transactional Theory This approach emphasizes the importance of the relationship between leader and followers, focusing on the mutual benefits derived from a form of contract through which the leader delivers such things as rewards or recognition in return for the commitment or loyalty of the followers Transformational Theory The central concept here is change and the role of leadership in envisioning and implementing the transformation of organisational performance From Great Man to Transformational Leadership Each of these theories takes a rather individualistic perspective of the leader, although a school of thought gaining increasing recognition is that of dispersed leadership. This approach, with its foundations in sociology, psychology and politics rather than management science, views leadership as a process that is diffuse throughout an organisation rather than lying solely with the formally designated leader. The emphasis thus shifts from developing leaders to developing leaderful organisations with a collective responsibility for leadership. Trait Theories Trait theories of leadership sought personality, social, physical or intellectual traits that differentiate leaders from non leaders. Trait view has little analytical or predictive value. Technical, conceptual and human skills (Katz, 1974). People are born with inherited traits. Some traits are particularly suited to leadership. People who make good leaders have the right combination of traits. Traits Skills à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Adaptable to situations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Alert to social environment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ambitious and achievement-orientated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Assertive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Cooperative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Decisive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Dependable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Dominant (desire to influence others) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Energetic (high activity level) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Persistent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Self-confident à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Tolerant of stress à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Willing to assume responsibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Clever (intelligent) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Conceptually skilled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Creative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Diplomatic and tactful à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Fluent in speaking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Knowledgeable about group task à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Organized administrative ability) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Persuasive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Socially skilled Behavioral Theories Behavioral theories of leadership do not seek inborn traits or capabilities. Rather, they look at what leaders actually do. If success can be defined in terms of describable actions, then it should be relatively easy for other people to act in the same way. This is easier to teach and learn then to adopt the more ephemeral traits or capabilities. Trait theory: Leaders are born, not made. Behavioral theory: Leadership traits can be taught. Ohio State Studies Initiating Structure The extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of sub-ordinates in the search for goal attainment. Consideration The extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates ideas, and regard for their feelings. University of Michigan Studies Employee-Oriented Leader Emphasizing interpersonal relations; taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among members. Production-Oriented Leader One who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job.H:College filecollege fileSemester 5MLSAssignmentbehaviour.jpg (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Contingency Theories Fiedlers Contingency Model The theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leaders style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader (Brooks, 2007). Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) Questionnaire An instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented. Leader-Member Relations The degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader. Task Structure The degree to which the job assignments are procedurized. Position Power Influence derived from ones formal structural position in the organization; includes power to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases. H:College filecollege fileSemester 5MLSAssignmentcontingency.jpg (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Transactional Theories Transactional leadership models treat the process of leading as a cross between a social and business transaction. There are specific hierarchies and structures in which some people are leaders and others are followers. A leader and follower agree to a contract. The latter is responsible for following orders to do a job, and the former provides rewards for proper execution of responsibilities. The difficulty in transactional leadership is that the concept doesnt apply well to all circumstances or cultures. For example, job-performance-and-reward model doesnt pertain to volunteer efforts, where the reward is usually something other than what the leader can directly provide (http://www.everything.com). Transactional leadership seeks to motivate followers by appealing to their own self-interest. Transactional leaders use conventional reward and punishment to gain compliance from their followers. Transformational theories James MacGregor Burns first introduced the concept of transformational leadership in his book Leadership (1978), but this term is now used in organizational psychology as well. He described it not as a set of specific behaviours, but rather an ongoing process by which leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of morality and motivation. Transformational leaders offer a purpose that transcends short-term goals and focuses on higher order intrinsic needs. Transformational leaders raise the bar by appealing to higher ideals and values of followers. In doing so, they may model the values themselves and use charismatic methods to attract people to the values and to the leader. There are four components of transformational leadership, which are: Tab.1 3.2 OBAMA LEADERSHIP QUALITIES President Barack Obama has gotten the attention of Americans and foreigners alike due to his charismatic nature. A charismatic approach is transformational if it invokes a permanent change in the people who embrace the leaders vision. Thus far, President Obama has woed many to his vision which has the potential to make a huge difference in both domestic and foreign affairs. Barack Obama is a fascinating political leader. Obama have some following leadership qualities. Public Communication Organizational Capacity Emotional Intelligence Political Skill Cognitive Style http://www.usnews.com President Obamas frankness is also another key that sets him apart from countless other politicians. By communicating his goal honestly and clearly, listeners are able to sense his sincerity and will tend to trust him more. This is opposed to many others who choose not to come clean regarding certain ulterior motives, apparent as they may be, and this only mean that listeners are less willing to trust them wholeheartedly. Barak Obama also scores well in terms of being able to delegate tasks to more capable hands, and concerns himself more with the direction setting and visioning of the nation. In higher management, delegation is a crucial skill to master in order to be effective (http://www.leadership-lessons.com).   Apart this Barack Obama has some special qualities in his life as well that shows his leaders nature. He is not afraid to be surrounded by other brilliant people from whom he gets advice.   He learns new things from them.   He goes to meetings with an open heart.   He is not stuck up with ego.   He is willing to learn new things.   He is willing to listen. He has gone through the steps of learning, growing, teaching, writing, earning and gaining trust and support etc.   He is a seeker of challenges (http://hubpages.com). BUSH LEADERSHIP QUALITIES George Walker Bush has embraced a command-and-control style that sharply challenges much of todays conventional wisdom about leadership and indeed is a marked departure from other recent presidents. Bush is a top-down, no-nonsense, decisive, macho leader who sets his eye on the far horizon and doesnt go wobbly getting there. He is crisp and can be confrontational, expecting others to follow or get out of the way. He is a big-picture fellow who learned in business school and in Austin to focus on only two or three goals at a time and pursue them fiercely, seeing other issues as distractions. Once he sets a course, he may try his hand at public persuasion. But if people dont swing behind him, he plunges ahead anyway, trusting that they will catch up later. Bush has indeed moved quickly to set his course and stick to it. He has let things languish and pushed problems to the future. He has also not hesitated to switch positions when necessary, such as when he first opposed, and then backed, the creation of a Homeland Security Department. He is a person who, once he picks a goal, never looks back. Even strong supporters sometimes worry that his curiosity and patience seem limited, while detractors see him as intellectually lazy and dependent on ideology and sloganeering instead of realism and clear thinking. Because he has a relatively small set of advisers, dissenting voices are effectively muffled (http://www.washingtonpost.com). Far more important to him than the art of persuasion, or so it appears, is discipline of message. Bush had waged a highly disciplined campaign that focused on a few core issues. Yet in his three debates with Al Gore, Bush had come across to many as unprepared for the job. Occasionally, Bush made his trademark smirk, a gesture that many took as a sign of arrogance. Bush described himself as a compassionate conservative (http://www.ontheissues.org). There are some following leadership qualities. Public Communication Policy Vision Political Skills Organizational Capacity http://writ.news.findlaw.com Compare with Leadership Qualities Transformational theory Peter Northouse (2004) wrote that transformational leadership is the process whereby an individual engages with others and creates a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower. Obama has benefited from skillful oratory, personal charm and charisma. He has mixed old and new media strategies to sustain and build popular support. Obama and his communications team have been clever at devising novel ways to present Obama in a sympathetic light. In confronting the contemporary era of fragmented media of communication, the president has shown a savvy ability to find the audience, as opposed to expecting the audience to come to him (Woolley, Peters, 2009). George W. Bush likes to consider himself a transformational leader. His supporters like to compare him to Reagan and Truman with the implicit premise that history will also treat him kindly after a rough spell in the polls but in fact he is not like that. He highly religious and moralistic but at the same time he is poor manager, failing to organize diverse information flows in his administration, and he is resistant to new ideas. George W. Bush is failed as a transformational leader since he was running against the odds (Bass, Riggio, 2006). Contingency theory The basic promise of contingency theory is that effective leadership is contingent upon matching leaders style to the right setting. Barak Obama showed a distinct ability to alter his leadership style to fit a situation on at least three occasions. First, while presiding over a town hall meeting in Fort Meyer, Florida, President Obama demonstrated the tender side of leadership by delivering a genuine kiss of compassion to a woman struggling to overcome economic hard times and the embarrassing stigma of being homeless. Secondly, on his first trip to the G20 summit in Europe. President Obama discerned that the Prime Minister of France and the Premier of China were at an impasse over a certain deal at which time he showed a sense of cross cultural leadership by gently calling the two aside to a corner and brokering a deal between them. Third, as aforementioned, President Obama flexed his presidential biceps to force Chrysler into bankruptcy, both Chrysler and GM out of NASCAR, and both Chrysler and GM accept new MPG fuel standards (Coggins, 2009). In comparison with B. Obama G.W. Bush leads by definition. His leadership posture has arguably set a new standard in immunizing the presidency from the risks of todays hyper-politicized, media-exposed environment.   His success is traced to several factors: his personal political experiences, the imperative of defining political issues and opponents during the revitalization of the conservative movement, and the GOPs control of American national government. G.W. Bush is one of a long line of orthodox innovators in American presidential history.   Like other presidents who led by tying themselves to their political base while seeking to go beyond orthodoxyincluding James Polk, Theodore Roosevelt, and Lyndon JohnsonPresident Bush faces the challenge of redeeming old promises while responding to the demand for something new( Skowronek, 2005). Behavioral leadership From behavioral perspective of leadership Obama successes as a leader. He is: Attention Grabber. Knows how to make the best use of any opportunity give. Persistent He does not lose hope after he lost the election US congress and then won in the senate elections by a large margin. He is a self aware and most importantly has the ability to tie his own experience into a political speech in which he portrays himself as an ordinary citizen, speaking for the general public. As a manager it might not effect whether you portray yourself as a common man or not but as a leader it is very important to relate the common man (http://www.slideshare.net). From behavioural perspective of leadership B. Obama shows himself as a democratic leader. Obama touted his abilities to solve problems in a bipartisan way, to take on special interest groups, and to restore Americas standing globally, while giving average citizens a voice. This dates back to my history as a community organizer and my belief that if ordinary people participate we get better outcomes, he said. Temperamentally, Im someone who tries to seek common ground, he said. I tend not to demonize people who dont agree with me, but try to find areas of overlap. Im not an ideological person; I try to make decisions based on facts, what works and what doesnt. (http://www.concordmonitor.com). G.W. Bush in contrast to Obama is autocratic leader. Bush is resolute in his decisions and ultimately does not look for, or care to truly consider opinions that run counter to his desires. He wants to propagate freedom without seeming to understand the fundamentals of liberty. It isnt all about bombs and tanks and diplomacy from the working end of a gun. It is about unrestricted exchange. It is about occupying real estate where reasonable people publicly tussle over tough ideas. It is opinion given unadorned rather than served with ginned up intelligence or hidden behind executive privilege and presidential clemency or warrant-less wiretaps. Freedom as trite as it sounds requires vigilance and oversight. 3.4. Opinion about George Walker Bush Leadership Style George Bush has embraced a command-and-control style that sharply challenges much of todays conventional wisdom about leadership. There are some qualities that I consider as admirable for me. Bush is a top-down, no-nonsense, decisive, macho leader who sets his eye on the far horizon and doesnt go wobbly getting there. He is crisp and can be confrontational, expecting others to follow or get out of the way. He asks questions and actively listens before he decides, but he doesnt agonize, and once the decision is made, he doesnt brook internal dissent. He happily delegates details, but he monitors his team closely. If they swerve off course, he snaps them back into line. Once he sets a course, he may try his hand at public persuasion. But if people dont swing behind him, he plunges ahead anyway, trusting that they will catch up later. Far more important to him than the art of persuasion, or so it appears, is discipline of message. He has learned through experience that if he and his team repeat a clear, simple message long enough, the public is much more likely to give him permission to act, even if they arent fully persuaded. One more admirable quality is that as he imposes a demanding physical regime upon himself, he also insists that his team stick to a script and drill it home repeatedly. He is slow to trust and has a long memory for those who cross him or his family, but he is devoted to those who are faithful. Loyalty to the man, loyalty to the mission, loyalty to the message, you dont stay on his team long unless you get with the program. Bush also has nerve. If he thinks the mission important enough, he will take a risk even put his presidency on the line. So what if no president since Franklin Roosevelt has picked up congressional seats in his first mid-term election? So what if I risk embarrassment by campaigning hard for Republicans? Lets rev up Air Force One and barnstorm the country. Thats the way Bush acts, and more often than not as in the 2002 election, he wins his bets (Gergen, 2003). George W. Bush has displayed a natural ability to lead. Through his skillful use of timeless management principles and his powerful people skills, Bush has proven to be a genius at leadership. The Leadership Genius of George W. Bush reveals the unwavering leadership principles of the first President with an MBA and illustrates how he uses them to operate within the arenas of politics, business, and life (Bennis, Thomas, 2002). Conclusion The President of the United States of America is granted significant powers by the Constitution and exercises others by tradition and precedent. However, success exercising these powers has varied widely from one President to the next. Harnessing the powers of the presidency and managing the sprawling executive branch take a great deal of skill and determination. Indeed Presidents face a host of challenges as they attempt to lead the nation and its people. They must work with others in the separated system of American government. They must constantly deal with a wide range of complex domestic and foreign policy problems which tend to arise at the worst possible times. They must try to organize and lead an executive branch which often does not want to follow. And they must try to lead a nation with an aversion to strong leadership. That some Presidents are strong and effective leaders in spite of these obstacles is a testament to their talents, skills and determination. Every President has to inspire the confidence of the people. Every President has to become a leader, and to be a leader he must attract people who are willing to follow him. Every President has to develop a moral underpinning to his power, or he soon discovers that he has no power at all (Jones, 1994). In conclusion it would be relevant to refer to the words of Dwight D. Eisenhower (former US President): Leadership: the art of getting someone else to do something you  want done because he wants to do it (http://www.garymotivations.com).

My Incredible Stay in Bolivia Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive E

My Incredible Stay in Bolivia As I lifted my heavy suitcase off the wheeled cart, my mind soon went to work reviewing everything I had brought. Considering the mad rush I had to get packed for my ten day stay in Bolivia, I knew there was no way I could have remembered to bring everything. I knew for sure that I had remembered my toothbrush, which is the thing I normally forget. I also mentally went through everything I had packed and to my delight realized I hadn't forgotten a thing! I was so proud of myself! I was part of a twenty-one member team from the United States that went to the largest city in Bolivia to provide humanitarian aid, which included eye exams and refractions. From the Santa Cruz airport, I rode in a small green and white taxi to the small church compound, the place I would be calling home for the next ten days. Stepping out onto the hard packed sandy ground, I silently caught my breath. It was amazing! Breathtaking would be a more appropriate word. Surrounding the small church, were so many different shades of green. The palm trees held a deep sea green color, while the small plants lining the walkway showed a lighter forest green. Plants grew everywhere. Everywhere, including the phone lines! I found out later, that because of the moisture in the air, plants could live anywhere without soil. This explained the hanging plant attached to the phone line directly above the church. A sweet, gentle smell hung in the air. Everywhere I turned, it was there. I soon realized that the smell was coming from a small jasmine bush. The bush had many dainty white flowers and each of them were distributing their fresh scent everywhere. Looking across the street, I could see several more varieties of trees and bu... ... I never fully grasped the power of that statement until I met these people. It is so true. Love bridges that barrier put up between the cultures, and that is enough. The church compound was filled and overflowing with the love these people showed, and to me, there is nothing more special than that. Yes, I will admit, the setting was gorgeous and so different from anything I had ever experience, but the people were what made it memorable for me. When I got back home, I was just as nervous about forgetting something there. I knew I had my toothbrush, and then quickly went through everything else in my suitcase. I was sure I hadn't left anything there, and I was so proud of myself! Then it hit me. I realized I had left something very important there. Something I could not live without. I had left a part of my heart in Bolivia, and I know it will always be there.