Summary of Acheiving Stop Tb Partnership Goals free essay sample

However, â€Å"In 2006, the TB pandemic continued to kill 2 million people annually and was growing by 1% each year, despite the World Health Organization also known as WHO having declared it a ‘Global Emergency’ over a decade earlier. † The United Nations has even stated that the goal is to cut the number of TB deaths in half by the year 2015. This is a goal not so easily achieved considering the fact that an estimated 2 billion people are latently infected with tuberculosis worldwide. (Kupferschmidt 1) Tuberculosis is caused from a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. uberculosis is an obligate aerobe that grows in tissues with a high oxygenated content, such as the lungs. It is a slow growing bacteria that takes anywhere from 12 to 20 hours to generate. The cells are hydrophobic and have high lipid content in the cell wall and tend to clump together. TB is an airborne disease that is spread from person to person by coughing, sneezing, or speaking. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Acheiving Stop Tb Partnership Goals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tuberculosis is diagnosed by a simple skin test that if positive will show a reaction to a small quantity of tuberculosis antigens. A positive confirmation can be made by a chest X-ray, and a microscopic examination of a sputum sample. A new significant development in TB diagnosis has been found in Xpert MTB/RIF assay. The Xpert MTB/RIF is made to detect DNA sequences specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance by polymerase chain reactions. The MTB/RIF test purifies concentrates and identifies targeted nucleic acid sequences in M. tuberculosis genomes which can take about 90 minutes to complete. MTB/RIF assay has met some of the minimum requirements of the governing groups, such as being easily administered by a low skilled technicians and operating in different temperatures with minimal requirement from the test operator. There has also been price reduction availability for countries with the pandemic. (Zumla 819) While MTB/RIF assay seemed to be the miracle answer for TB testing, it still falls short of the requirements set forth by the STOP TB Partnership. For example, the shelf life is half the expected 2 years, high cost of the machine and cartridges to run it and constant electricity make it difficult for key areas. Safe recycling of large amounts of cartridges also remains an environmental concern being that sputum and positive buffers are present in the used cartridges. (Zumla 822) There are 11 new TB drugs on the horizon. Hopefully, by 2015 at least 2 of them will be released for public consumption. The current drug-susceptible TB treatment is the medication called Isoniazid or INH. INH is available worldwide, is relatively inexpensive and is generally well tolerated. INH is used to for latent tuberculosis infection to help kill the dormant bacteria and to reduce the risk of the infection becoming active tuberculosis later in life. This medication is taken for 6-9 months; where as the new drugs that are still in clinical trials would shorten this to 4 months. However, these unfortunately are not available yet. What are really needed to eradicate this disease are TB vaccines. The present TB Vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin or BCG, is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis which was introduced in 1922. It is used primarily in children in countries outside the US. Not all administered BCG vaccines have been effective either, only helping with severe childhood versions of TB (ex: disseminated and meningeal). As of 2011, at least 6 TB vaccine candidates were in preclinical trials, with 21 additional next generation candidates in the vaccine discovery phase. A more effective tool for the United States would be a post infection vaccine, due to the vast majority of cases being remote infections. This would nearly eradicate TB in the US. But, one has currently not been created. (Zumla 823) TB has plagued the human race for decades, only improving when social, economical, and general living conditions were bettered. Recent research continues to look for vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments. However, no new trial based vaccine has been introduced since BCG in the 1950’s. The STOP TB Partnership’s goal of lessening the yearly cases of infection by one million is admirable, but so much more needs to be done to control the spread of infection. More people need to be tested and become aware of what a huge problem it currently still is. People know about the disease but many people are not educated about the disease and what the symptoms are until it is too late and have probably already spread it to other people. Despite the years of effort that has been dedicated to TB research, the end still seems to be decades away. Works Cited Alimuddin Zumla, et al. Achieving STOP TB Partnership Goals: Perspectives On Development Of New Diagnostics, Drugs And Vaccines For Tuberculosis. Tropical Medicine International Health 16. 7 (2011): 819-827. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Alimuddin Zumla, et al. Immunological Biomarkers Of Tuberculosis. Nature Reviews. Immunology 11. 5 (2011): 343-354. MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. Kupferschm idt, Kai. Taking A New Shot At A TB Vaccine. Science 334. 6062 (2011): 1488. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. â€Å"Tuberculosis† Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, 13 Mar. 2012 Web

How to Write an Essay on General Tasks in English

How to Write an Essay on General Tasks in EnglishAll students would love to be able to improve their skills in writing, as the ability to write is something that will be with them for a lifetime. This is why it is very important for them to start off by learning to write an essay on General Tasks in English. This can help them hone their skills and enable them to write well in the future.The main reason behind writing this kind of essay is to allow students to see that writing is something that they can actually do and will allow them to have a better understanding of the English language. After all, all essays are written in an attempt to teach and understand the English language. This is one of the main reasons why students try to come up with sample essays in order to improve their own skills.So, if you are the one who is trying to improve your skills in writing, then you may want to check out the many ways that are available in order to write an essay. However, the problem with m ost samples that are offered is that they are either too short or too complicated. If you are looking for a more effective way to get your essay writing, then you need to find an essay band that has templates that are easy to use.By allowing students to take control of the whole essay, they can be sure that they are writing in a format that they can understand. They will be able to have fun with the writing process and see that they are making good use of their time. This will be a good way for them to learn how to write.There are a number of ways that you can find out about which template is the best suited for your entire course. There are many sites that can give you an idea as to which one would work the best for you. If you want to find out how to write an essay on General Tasks in English, then the first place that you should look is in the Internet.When you are looking for samples on General Tasks in English, you will need to find the one that comes from an organization such as the Cambridge University Press. This means that it will contain many different samples that you can use to get the better of the rest. It will also give you an idea as to how much training they would like you to have to be able to write an essay on General Tasks in English.In order to find the template that would work for you, you will need to do some research. You will need to check to see what is offered by different institutes. Many online articles will show examples of the various topics that will be covered in the essay that you are looking for.By following these steps, you will be able to learn how to write an essay on General Tasks in English. It will help you understand how you should format your paper and get a better understanding of the English language. You will be able to write an essay that is made up of meaningful, yet simple, sentences.