Analysis Of Leadership Styles Politics Essay

Analysis Of Leadership Styles Politics Essay This report was commissioned to represent comparative analysis of leadership styles of two presidents of the United States of America that is one ex-president George W. Bush and current president Barack H. Obama. The object of discussion is to compare and contrast leadership qualities of both presidents based on basic leadership theories that were introduced in literature review: Great Man theory, traits theory, and behavioral approach, contingency, transformational and transactional theories. As per requirements it was done the introduction of the background of two personalities including their childhood, university years and career. It was done overview of leadership qualities of them where B. Obama is represented as a political leader with good political skills, great ability to public communication, organizational capacity and emotional intelligence and G.W. Bush as a leader with prominent political vision and skills. Except that it was expressed my own opinion about two leaders where is the most admirable politician is George W. Bush who is top-down, no-nonsense, decisive, macho leader who sets his eye on the far horizon and doesnt go wobbly getting there. In a conclusion it is essential to say that The President of the United States of America is granted significant powers by the Constitution and exercises others by tradition and precedent. He has to inspire the confidence of the people. Every President has to become a leader, and to be a leader he must attract people who are willing to follow him. INTRODUCTION Leadership is an influence relationship among leaders and their collaborators who intend real changes that reflect their mutual purposes( Komives, Woodard, 2003). Leader are somebody whom people follow and guide people. Leaders are the head of the nation, political party, legislative body or military unit. A type of Leader is  determined and identified by the core trait  that  is  emphasized and  by the  combination of other core traits that are  displayed and used to gain the trust of the people and Lead them to undertake the major task facing the organization(www.scribd.com) Some characteristics of leaders: Leaders are essential for setting the company vision, assessing where the company stands and making difficult choices. Leaders must be able to pull a team together, solve problems and develop strategies. Leaders Challenge people. Leaders build their peoples Confidence. Leaders Coach the people they lead. Leaders challenge people by bringing them out of their comfort zones, enabling people to reach successes that they never thought they could achieve. Leaders boost confidence and put their faith in their people to deliver the goal. Leaders reward intelligent failures, or the sincere effort to achieve, even if the effort may fail. Leaders communicate a clear and compelling vision to challenge people to think and act differently as they pursue a new agenda. BACKGROUND Barack Obama Obama is actually of mixed heritage. He was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii. His father Barack Obama Senior was from Kenya and Obamas mother, Ann Durham, was originally from Kansas. The marriage between Obamas parents was a short-lived one, however. In the early 1960s, interracial relationships were still quite rare in many parts of America, and even technically illegal in some states. When Obama was two years old they divorced, and his father left Hawaii to enter Harvard University to earn a Ph.D. in economics. The two Baracks met again only once, when Obama was ten, though they did write occasionally. Barack Sr. eventually returned to Kenya and died in a car accident there in the early 1980s. Obamas mother remarried a man from Indonesia who worked in the oil industry, and when Obama was six they moved there. The family lived near the capital of Jakarta, where his half-sister Maya was born. At the age of ten, Obama returned to Hawaii and lived with his maternal grandparents. Obama entered in kindergarten level in Noelani Elementary school located at Honolulu, Hawaii and then from first to fourth grade he done education in Jakarta, Indonesia. Fifth through twelfth grade he done education again in Honolulu, Hawaii. Obama got High school diploma from Punahou and went on to Occidental College in Los Angeles, where he decided to get serious about his studies. Midway through, he transferred to the prestigious Columbia University in New York City. After he earned his undergraduate degree in political science, he became a community organizer in Harlem-but quickly realized he could not afford to live in the city with a job that paid so little. Instead, he moved to Chicago to work for a church-based social-services organization there. Obama applied to and was accepted at Harvard Law School. In 1990, he was elected president of the Harvard Law Review journal (http://www.notablebiographies.com). Also during his law school years, Obama spent eight days in Los Angeles taking a national training course on Alinsky methods of organizing(Lizza, Ryan, 2007). Barack Hussein Obama was elected the 44th president of the United States on November 2008(http://www.nytimes.com). George Walker Bush He was born in New Haven, Connecticut on 1946. Bush was the first child of George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with his four siblings. Bushs grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut. Bushs father, George H. W. Bush, served as U.S. Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and U.S. President from 1989 to 1993 ( Clarita, CalBoyer, 1995). As a child, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas until the family moved to Houston after he completed seventh grade. He then went to The Kinkaid School, a prep school in Houston, for two years (http://www.lib.utexas.edul). Bush finished his high school years at Phillips Academy. Bush attended Yale University from 1964 to 1968, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history. During this time, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, being elected the fraternitys president during his senior year. He characterized himself as an average student. Beginning in the fall of 1973, Bush at tended the Harvard Business School, where he earned an MBA. He was the only U.S. President to have earned an MBA(http://www.americanthinker.com). In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the Texas Air National Guard. After two years of active-duty service while training, he was assigned to Houston, flying Convair F-102s out of Ellington Air Force Base. In October 1973, Bush was discharged from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to inactive duty in the Air Force Reserve. He was honorably discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974, at the end of his six-year service obligation (http://www.dod.mil). He married on November 1977. In 1982 he would have a twin daughter. George W. Bush served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001-2009. MAIN BODY 3.1 Theories on Leadership Leadership has different meaning to different authors. Harry Truman, the American President, said that leadership is the ability to get men (women) to do what they dont like to do and like it (Greenstein, 1989). Leadership is defined as influence, that is the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically towards the achievement of group goals(Koontz, Weihrich, 2006). So a good leader is a maker of men, developer of subordinates and creator of worthy lieutenants. The activities of successful effective leaders: H:College filecollege fileSemester 5MLSAssignmentUntitled.png (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() John Adair has a long pedigree in the world of leadership. The Adair model is that the action-centered leader gets the job done through the work team and relationships with fellow managers and staff. According to Adairs explanation an action-centered leader must: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ direct the job to be done (task structuring) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ support and review the individual people doing it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ co-ordinate and foster the work team as a whole TEAM TASK INDIVIDUAL The challenge for the leader is to manage all sectors of the diagram: Task define the task make the plan allocate work and resources control quality and rate of work check performance against plan adjust the plan Team maintain discipline build team spirit encourage, motivate, give a sense of purpose appoint sub-leaders ensure communication within group develop the group Individual attend to personal problems praise individuals give status recognise and use individual abilities develop the individual A review of the leadership literature reveals an evolving series of schools of thought from Great Man and Trait theories to Transformational leadership (see table). Whilst early theories tend to focus upon the characteristics and behaviors of successful leaders, later theories begin to consider the role of followers and the contextual nature of leadership (Gronn, 1995). Great Man Theories Based on the belief that leaders are exceptional people, born with innate qualities, destined to lead. The use of the term man was intentional since until the latter part of the twentieth century leadership was thought of as a concept which is primarily male, military and Western. This led to the next school of Trait Theories Trait Theories The lists of traits or qualities associated with leadership exist in abundance and continue to be produced. They draw on virtually all the adjectives in the dictionary which describe some positive or virtuous human attribute, from ambition to zest for life Behavioral Theories These concentrate on what leaders actually do rather than on their qualities. Different patterns of behavior are observed and categorized as styles of leadership. This area has probably attracted most attention from practicing managers Contingency Theory This is a refinement of the situational viewpoint and focuses on identifying the situational variables which best predict the most appropriate or effective leadership style to fit the particular circumstances Transactional Theory This approach emphasizes the importance of the relationship between leader and followers, focusing on the mutual benefits derived from a form of contract through which the leader delivers such things as rewards or recognition in return for the commitment or loyalty of the followers Transformational Theory The central concept here is change and the role of leadership in envisioning and implementing the transformation of organisational performance From Great Man to Transformational Leadership Each of these theories takes a rather individualistic perspective of the leader, although a school of thought gaining increasing recognition is that of dispersed leadership. This approach, with its foundations in sociology, psychology and politics rather than management science, views leadership as a process that is diffuse throughout an organisation rather than lying solely with the formally designated leader. The emphasis thus shifts from developing leaders to developing leaderful organisations with a collective responsibility for leadership. Trait Theories Trait theories of leadership sought personality, social, physical or intellectual traits that differentiate leaders from non leaders. Trait view has little analytical or predictive value. Technical, conceptual and human skills (Katz, 1974). People are born with inherited traits. Some traits are particularly suited to leadership. People who make good leaders have the right combination of traits. Traits Skills à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Adaptable to situations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Alert to social environment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ambitious and achievement-orientated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Assertive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Cooperative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Decisive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Dependable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Dominant (desire to influence others) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Energetic (high activity level) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Persistent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Self-confident à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Tolerant of stress à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Willing to assume responsibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Clever (intelligent) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Conceptually skilled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Creative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Diplomatic and tactful à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Fluent in speaking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Knowledgeable about group task à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Organized administrative ability) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Persuasive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Socially skilled Behavioral Theories Behavioral theories of leadership do not seek inborn traits or capabilities. Rather, they look at what leaders actually do. If success can be defined in terms of describable actions, then it should be relatively easy for other people to act in the same way. This is easier to teach and learn then to adopt the more ephemeral traits or capabilities. Trait theory: Leaders are born, not made. Behavioral theory: Leadership traits can be taught. Ohio State Studies Initiating Structure The extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of sub-ordinates in the search for goal attainment. Consideration The extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates ideas, and regard for their feelings. University of Michigan Studies Employee-Oriented Leader Emphasizing interpersonal relations; taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among members. Production-Oriented Leader One who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job.H:College filecollege fileSemester 5MLSAssignmentbehaviour.jpg (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Contingency Theories Fiedlers Contingency Model The theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leaders style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader (Brooks, 2007). Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) Questionnaire An instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented. Leader-Member Relations The degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader. Task Structure The degree to which the job assignments are procedurized. Position Power Influence derived from ones formal structural position in the organization; includes power to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases. H:College filecollege fileSemester 5MLSAssignmentcontingency.jpg (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Transactional Theories Transactional leadership models treat the process of leading as a cross between a social and business transaction. There are specific hierarchies and structures in which some people are leaders and others are followers. A leader and follower agree to a contract. The latter is responsible for following orders to do a job, and the former provides rewards for proper execution of responsibilities. The difficulty in transactional leadership is that the concept doesnt apply well to all circumstances or cultures. For example, job-performance-and-reward model doesnt pertain to volunteer efforts, where the reward is usually something other than what the leader can directly provide (http://www.everything.com). Transactional leadership seeks to motivate followers by appealing to their own self-interest. Transactional leaders use conventional reward and punishment to gain compliance from their followers. Transformational theories James MacGregor Burns first introduced the concept of transformational leadership in his book Leadership (1978), but this term is now used in organizational psychology as well. He described it not as a set of specific behaviours, but rather an ongoing process by which leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of morality and motivation. Transformational leaders offer a purpose that transcends short-term goals and focuses on higher order intrinsic needs. Transformational leaders raise the bar by appealing to higher ideals and values of followers. In doing so, they may model the values themselves and use charismatic methods to attract people to the values and to the leader. There are four components of transformational leadership, which are: Tab.1 3.2 OBAMA LEADERSHIP QUALITIES President Barack Obama has gotten the attention of Americans and foreigners alike due to his charismatic nature. A charismatic approach is transformational if it invokes a permanent change in the people who embrace the leaders vision. Thus far, President Obama has woed many to his vision which has the potential to make a huge difference in both domestic and foreign affairs. Barack Obama is a fascinating political leader. Obama have some following leadership qualities. Public Communication Organizational Capacity Emotional Intelligence Political Skill Cognitive Style http://www.usnews.com President Obamas frankness is also another key that sets him apart from countless other politicians. By communicating his goal honestly and clearly, listeners are able to sense his sincerity and will tend to trust him more. This is opposed to many others who choose not to come clean regarding certain ulterior motives, apparent as they may be, and this only mean that listeners are less willing to trust them wholeheartedly. Barak Obama also scores well in terms of being able to delegate tasks to more capable hands, and concerns himself more with the direction setting and visioning of the nation. In higher management, delegation is a crucial skill to master in order to be effective (http://www.leadership-lessons.com).   Apart this Barack Obama has some special qualities in his life as well that shows his leaders nature. He is not afraid to be surrounded by other brilliant people from whom he gets advice.   He learns new things from them.   He goes to meetings with an open heart.   He is not stuck up with ego.   He is willing to learn new things.   He is willing to listen. He has gone through the steps of learning, growing, teaching, writing, earning and gaining trust and support etc.   He is a seeker of challenges (http://hubpages.com). BUSH LEADERSHIP QUALITIES George Walker Bush has embraced a command-and-control style that sharply challenges much of todays conventional wisdom about leadership and indeed is a marked departure from other recent presidents. Bush is a top-down, no-nonsense, decisive, macho leader who sets his eye on the far horizon and doesnt go wobbly getting there. He is crisp and can be confrontational, expecting others to follow or get out of the way. He is a big-picture fellow who learned in business school and in Austin to focus on only two or three goals at a time and pursue them fiercely, seeing other issues as distractions. Once he sets a course, he may try his hand at public persuasion. But if people dont swing behind him, he plunges ahead anyway, trusting that they will catch up later. Bush has indeed moved quickly to set his course and stick to it. He has let things languish and pushed problems to the future. He has also not hesitated to switch positions when necessary, such as when he first opposed, and then backed, the creation of a Homeland Security Department. He is a person who, once he picks a goal, never looks back. Even strong supporters sometimes worry that his curiosity and patience seem limited, while detractors see him as intellectually lazy and dependent on ideology and sloganeering instead of realism and clear thinking. Because he has a relatively small set of advisers, dissenting voices are effectively muffled (http://www.washingtonpost.com). Far more important to him than the art of persuasion, or so it appears, is discipline of message. Bush had waged a highly disciplined campaign that focused on a few core issues. Yet in his three debates with Al Gore, Bush had come across to many as unprepared for the job. Occasionally, Bush made his trademark smirk, a gesture that many took as a sign of arrogance. Bush described himself as a compassionate conservative (http://www.ontheissues.org). There are some following leadership qualities. Public Communication Policy Vision Political Skills Organizational Capacity http://writ.news.findlaw.com Compare with Leadership Qualities Transformational theory Peter Northouse (2004) wrote that transformational leadership is the process whereby an individual engages with others and creates a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower. Obama has benefited from skillful oratory, personal charm and charisma. He has mixed old and new media strategies to sustain and build popular support. Obama and his communications team have been clever at devising novel ways to present Obama in a sympathetic light. In confronting the contemporary era of fragmented media of communication, the president has shown a savvy ability to find the audience, as opposed to expecting the audience to come to him (Woolley, Peters, 2009). George W. Bush likes to consider himself a transformational leader. His supporters like to compare him to Reagan and Truman with the implicit premise that history will also treat him kindly after a rough spell in the polls but in fact he is not like that. He highly religious and moralistic but at the same time he is poor manager, failing to organize diverse information flows in his administration, and he is resistant to new ideas. George W. Bush is failed as a transformational leader since he was running against the odds (Bass, Riggio, 2006). Contingency theory The basic promise of contingency theory is that effective leadership is contingent upon matching leaders style to the right setting. Barak Obama showed a distinct ability to alter his leadership style to fit a situation on at least three occasions. First, while presiding over a town hall meeting in Fort Meyer, Florida, President Obama demonstrated the tender side of leadership by delivering a genuine kiss of compassion to a woman struggling to overcome economic hard times and the embarrassing stigma of being homeless. Secondly, on his first trip to the G20 summit in Europe. President Obama discerned that the Prime Minister of France and the Premier of China were at an impasse over a certain deal at which time he showed a sense of cross cultural leadership by gently calling the two aside to a corner and brokering a deal between them. Third, as aforementioned, President Obama flexed his presidential biceps to force Chrysler into bankruptcy, both Chrysler and GM out of NASCAR, and both Chrysler and GM accept new MPG fuel standards (Coggins, 2009). In comparison with B. Obama G.W. Bush leads by definition. His leadership posture has arguably set a new standard in immunizing the presidency from the risks of todays hyper-politicized, media-exposed environment.   His success is traced to several factors: his personal political experiences, the imperative of defining political issues and opponents during the revitalization of the conservative movement, and the GOPs control of American national government. G.W. Bush is one of a long line of orthodox innovators in American presidential history.   Like other presidents who led by tying themselves to their political base while seeking to go beyond orthodoxyincluding James Polk, Theodore Roosevelt, and Lyndon JohnsonPresident Bush faces the challenge of redeeming old promises while responding to the demand for something new( Skowronek, 2005). Behavioral leadership From behavioral perspective of leadership Obama successes as a leader. He is: Attention Grabber. Knows how to make the best use of any opportunity give. Persistent He does not lose hope after he lost the election US congress and then won in the senate elections by a large margin. He is a self aware and most importantly has the ability to tie his own experience into a political speech in which he portrays himself as an ordinary citizen, speaking for the general public. As a manager it might not effect whether you portray yourself as a common man or not but as a leader it is very important to relate the common man (http://www.slideshare.net). From behavioural perspective of leadership B. Obama shows himself as a democratic leader. Obama touted his abilities to solve problems in a bipartisan way, to take on special interest groups, and to restore Americas standing globally, while giving average citizens a voice. This dates back to my history as a community organizer and my belief that if ordinary people participate we get better outcomes, he said. Temperamentally, Im someone who tries to seek common ground, he said. I tend not to demonize people who dont agree with me, but try to find areas of overlap. Im not an ideological person; I try to make decisions based on facts, what works and what doesnt. (http://www.concordmonitor.com). G.W. Bush in contrast to Obama is autocratic leader. Bush is resolute in his decisions and ultimately does not look for, or care to truly consider opinions that run counter to his desires. He wants to propagate freedom without seeming to understand the fundamentals of liberty. It isnt all about bombs and tanks and diplomacy from the working end of a gun. It is about unrestricted exchange. It is about occupying real estate where reasonable people publicly tussle over tough ideas. It is opinion given unadorned rather than served with ginned up intelligence or hidden behind executive privilege and presidential clemency or warrant-less wiretaps. Freedom as trite as it sounds requires vigilance and oversight. 3.4. Opinion about George Walker Bush Leadership Style George Bush has embraced a command-and-control style that sharply challenges much of todays conventional wisdom about leadership. There are some qualities that I consider as admirable for me. Bush is a top-down, no-nonsense, decisive, macho leader who sets his eye on the far horizon and doesnt go wobbly getting there. He is crisp and can be confrontational, expecting others to follow or get out of the way. He asks questions and actively listens before he decides, but he doesnt agonize, and once the decision is made, he doesnt brook internal dissent. He happily delegates details, but he monitors his team closely. If they swerve off course, he snaps them back into line. Once he sets a course, he may try his hand at public persuasion. But if people dont swing behind him, he plunges ahead anyway, trusting that they will catch up later. Far more important to him than the art of persuasion, or so it appears, is discipline of message. He has learned through experience that if he and his team repeat a clear, simple message long enough, the public is much more likely to give him permission to act, even if they arent fully persuaded. One more admirable quality is that as he imposes a demanding physical regime upon himself, he also insists that his team stick to a script and drill it home repeatedly. He is slow to trust and has a long memory for those who cross him or his family, but he is devoted to those who are faithful. Loyalty to the man, loyalty to the mission, loyalty to the message, you dont stay on his team long unless you get with the program. Bush also has nerve. If he thinks the mission important enough, he will take a risk even put his presidency on the line. So what if no president since Franklin Roosevelt has picked up congressional seats in his first mid-term election? So what if I risk embarrassment by campaigning hard for Republicans? Lets rev up Air Force One and barnstorm the country. Thats the way Bush acts, and more often than not as in the 2002 election, he wins his bets (Gergen, 2003). George W. Bush has displayed a natural ability to lead. Through his skillful use of timeless management principles and his powerful people skills, Bush has proven to be a genius at leadership. The Leadership Genius of George W. Bush reveals the unwavering leadership principles of the first President with an MBA and illustrates how he uses them to operate within the arenas of politics, business, and life (Bennis, Thomas, 2002). Conclusion The President of the United States of America is granted significant powers by the Constitution and exercises others by tradition and precedent. However, success exercising these powers has varied widely from one President to the next. Harnessing the powers of the presidency and managing the sprawling executive branch take a great deal of skill and determination. Indeed Presidents face a host of challenges as they attempt to lead the nation and its people. They must work with others in the separated system of American government. They must constantly deal with a wide range of complex domestic and foreign policy problems which tend to arise at the worst possible times. They must try to organize and lead an executive branch which often does not want to follow. And they must try to lead a nation with an aversion to strong leadership. That some Presidents are strong and effective leaders in spite of these obstacles is a testament to their talents, skills and determination. Every President has to inspire the confidence of the people. Every President has to become a leader, and to be a leader he must attract people who are willing to follow him. Every President has to develop a moral underpinning to his power, or he soon discovers that he has no power at all (Jones, 1994). In conclusion it would be relevant to refer to the words of Dwight D. Eisenhower (former US President): Leadership: the art of getting someone else to do something you  want done because he wants to do it (http://www.garymotivations.com).

My Incredible Stay in Bolivia Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive E

My Incredible Stay in Bolivia As I lifted my heavy suitcase off the wheeled cart, my mind soon went to work reviewing everything I had brought. Considering the mad rush I had to get packed for my ten day stay in Bolivia, I knew there was no way I could have remembered to bring everything. I knew for sure that I had remembered my toothbrush, which is the thing I normally forget. I also mentally went through everything I had packed and to my delight realized I hadn't forgotten a thing! I was so proud of myself! I was part of a twenty-one member team from the United States that went to the largest city in Bolivia to provide humanitarian aid, which included eye exams and refractions. From the Santa Cruz airport, I rode in a small green and white taxi to the small church compound, the place I would be calling home for the next ten days. Stepping out onto the hard packed sandy ground, I silently caught my breath. It was amazing! Breathtaking would be a more appropriate word. Surrounding the small church, were so many different shades of green. The palm trees held a deep sea green color, while the small plants lining the walkway showed a lighter forest green. Plants grew everywhere. Everywhere, including the phone lines! I found out later, that because of the moisture in the air, plants could live anywhere without soil. This explained the hanging plant attached to the phone line directly above the church. A sweet, gentle smell hung in the air. Everywhere I turned, it was there. I soon realized that the smell was coming from a small jasmine bush. The bush had many dainty white flowers and each of them were distributing their fresh scent everywhere. Looking across the street, I could see several more varieties of trees and bu... ... I never fully grasped the power of that statement until I met these people. It is so true. Love bridges that barrier put up between the cultures, and that is enough. The church compound was filled and overflowing with the love these people showed, and to me, there is nothing more special than that. Yes, I will admit, the setting was gorgeous and so different from anything I had ever experience, but the people were what made it memorable for me. When I got back home, I was just as nervous about forgetting something there. I knew I had my toothbrush, and then quickly went through everything else in my suitcase. I was sure I hadn't left anything there, and I was so proud of myself! Then it hit me. I realized I had left something very important there. Something I could not live without. I had left a part of my heart in Bolivia, and I know it will always be there.

Characters in “Saving Sourdi” Essay

In Saving Sourdi, the little sister, Nea attempts numerous times to save her sister. First Nea attempts to save Sourdi from an unruly customer. At which she gets berated not only from her mother but also Sourdi. The second time is from Sourdi’s boyfriend Buck. The third time is from an older man, her Uncle’s friend, with which Soursi marries. The fourth time she involves Buck when she attempts to save her from her husband. The setting is simply contemporary America, South Dakota and Iowa. If the author hadn’t mentioned the rapper Snoop-Dog and given a reference to the candy bar Payday and the store 7-11, I could have dated this work to be in the 20’s trough to the 50’s because of the stereotypical way the daughter gets married off to an older man. The author characterizes Nea with what I call â€Å"little man† syndrome, she is in constant readiness to fight for her sister, however she doesn’t go about it with common sense. Nobody seems to understand Nea, least of all her sister Sourdi. All she attempts to do is save Sourdi, however Nea is not looking at the big picture. There is nothing or no one from which to save Sourdi. The characterization of Sourdi is the stereotypical Chinese/American in which she does exactly what her family expects of her, even if it is something that she is against. The author characterizes their Ma as someone who cares only for the restaurant and the family’s reputation, however that it not fair to their mother. She may fear if they lose the restaurant they could lose the right to stay in the states. We are never told. Buck is characterized as a person whom to protect Sourdi from at first and then a champion whom will fight for Sourdi, who is in the middle of an abusive relationship. When in fact we are never told why Sourdi was crying to her Ma, it could have been the fact that she is pregnant and doesn’t know how to deal with her baby and pregnancy at the same time. Nea never learns that the most important thing to her sister and mother is family. McCarty 2 I would have preferred the writing to be in first person than third person. It may have changed the way I felt about the way the family treated Nea. Works Cited Chai, May-lee, Saving Sourdi (2001)

Why I Hate The Opera

Why I Hate The Opera Free Online Research Papers I am not a big fan of opera. It seems so theatrical, which I know is the point, but excessively so for my tastes. They oftentimes sing in foreign languages, which may seem romantic, but to the everywoman I am, it seems my daughter can speak better English then they can German. And what is with the men always being overly fat? Do I want to pay big bucks to see some guy sweat all over the stage? Opera is not for me, not by a long shot. Every movement has to be overwrought. The make-up has to be so heavy. Wigs and costumes all weighing at least 100 pounds. The stage, every inch of it, has to be drowned in movement, either with actors or set design. Can’t they convey beauty and emotion in immobility as well? And seeing some woman or man berating another, or not even berating, maybe just consoling or lavishing love, while speaking a foreign tongue, how does one understand the words? If words weren’t that important, why can’t they just hum it? Or replace the words with universally known euphemisms, like ‘amen’? The swelling of the orchestra normally drowns out the pronunciation anyway. I am sure that elongating portiaaaaa can be viewed as a talent, but not to the average listener, sorry. And why do all the main performers appear to be excessively obese? Men, women, it doesn’t matter. I have been taught that singing from the diaphragm is the way to project the voice. If this is the case, they should have some killer abs, and not a 40† waist. Maybe they need the extra poundage for presence? No, opera is not my thing. I can’t see paying all that money to leave as confused as I came, or more so. Give me plain old English, without all that sing-song excess. I will save my money and see a movie. Preferably by Jerry Bruckheimer. Research Papers on Why I Hate The Opera19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetThe Fifth HorsemanTwilight of the UAWHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionMind TravelQuebec and CanadaThe Spring and AutumnAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Integrating The Sri Lankan Disabled Soldiers Social Work Essay Essay Example

Integrating The Sri Lankan Disabled Soldiers Social Work Essay Essay Example Integrating The Sri Lankan Disabled Soldiers Social Work Essay Essay Integrating The Sri Lankan Disabled Soldiers Social Work Essay Essay Sri Lanka ground forces was formed in 1949 and was betrothed for ceremonial responsibilities till they call for the suppression of two rebellions led by JVP in 1971 and 1987. Originating of Tamil motion in Jaffna in mid 80 s, reached to the apogee of demanding separate State called EELAM led by the separationist group ; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ) paved the manner to Sri Lanka Army to swerve its function from ceremonial responsibilities to classic function to contend against the terrorist act. Sri Lankan war scheme is proved to be the lone expression which exists in the universe at present to pay the wining war against the terrorist act. 2. As conflict prolonged for over three decennaries, forfeits made by the warring cabals and the human cost of the struggle broaden skylines of societal analysis to explicate the program to reinitiate those disables in to the societal system of the state. Following inside informations denotes the specifics of handicapped soldiers of Sri Lanka Army at the terminal of the struggle: 3. To this terminal, Social duty is to be set through encouragement and reinitiating handicapped war heroes in to societal system but it would non pay the manner to incorporating them in to the societal system since most of them are from the ages between 18 33 and are from the productive ages. Dependence household members, single position, less medical attending at rural bases where most of these soldiers hail from ; are the societal issues need to be addressed at precedence. Inculcation of positive attitude, dignified societal relationship, and positive attitude towards them would promote them over sensitiveness to helplessness, loneliness and feeling dependance. Purpose 4. The purpose of this service paper is to analyze the facing jobs when incorporating the Sri Lankan disabled soldiers into the societal system and do recommendations to get the better of the jobs. DISABLED PERSON AND DISABLED SOLDIER ( Definitions Quoted from WHO ) 5. As analysis progressed, necessity arises to clear up the definition of disable individual and disabled soldier to turn to the issues and to explicate solution to convey in them to the society. a. The term disabled individual is explained ; that a individual is unable to carry through his or her necessities her or his ain as a consequence of lack of physical or mental capablenesss and include following ; ( 1 ) Impairment. Any loss or abnormalcy of psychological, physiological, or anatomical construction of map. ( 2 ) Disability. Any limitation or deficiency of ability to execute an activity in the mode of within the scope considered normal for a human being. Handicap. A disadvantage for given single, ensuing from an damage or disablement which limits or prevents the fulfilment of a function that is normal, depending on age, societal and cultural factors, for that person. Disabled soldier is a individual who becomes the victim of some signifier of physical mental deceleration owing to war. By lucubrating it may do owing to following ground or multiple grounds ; an accident, deaths may consequences amputees, blind, loss of vision, loss of hearing, paraplegia or other disablements. Right OF DISABLED PERSON ( Quoted from UN charter ) 1. The term disabled individual means any individual unable to guarantee by himself or herself, entirely or partially, the necessities of a normal single and/or societal life, as a consequence of lack either congenital or non, in his or her physical or mental capablenesss. 2. Disabled soldier shall bask all the rights set out in this declaration. These rights shall be granted to all handicapped individuals without any exclusion, without differentiation or favoritism on the footing of race, coloring material, sex, linguistic communication, faith, political or other sentiments, national or societal beginning, province of wealth, birth or any other state of affairs using either to the handicapped individual himself or herself or to his or her household. 3. Disabled individuals have the built-in right to esteem for their human self-respect. Disabled individuals irrespective of the beginning, nature and earnestness of their disability and disablements, have the same cardinal rights as their fellow citizens of the same age, which implies foremost and foremost the right to bask a nice life, a normal and full as possible. 4. Disabled individuals have the same civil and political rights as other human existences. 5. Disable individual entitled to the steps designed to enable them to became as ego reliant as possible. 6. Disable individual have the right to medical, psychological and functional intervention including prosthetic and arithmetic contraptions, to medical and societal rehabilitation, instruction, vocational preparation, and rehabilitation, assistance, guidance, arrangement services and other services which will enable them to develop their capablenesss and accomplishments to the upper limit and will rush the procedures of their societal integrating or reintegration. 7. Disable individual have the right to economic and societal security and to decent degree of life. They have the right, harmonizing to their capablenesss, to procure and retain employment or to prosecute in a utile, productive and compensable business and to fall in trade brotherhoods consideration at all phases of economic and societal planning. 8. Disable individuals are to hold their particular demands taken into consideration at all phases of economic and societal planning. The betterment which he or she may deduce at that place from. 9. Disable individuals have the right to populate with their households or with surrogate parents and to take part in all societal, originative or recreational activities. No disable individual shall be subjected, every bit far as his or her status or by the betterment which he or she may deduce at that place from. If the stay of a disable individual in a specialised constitution is indispensable, the environment and populating status at that place in shall be every bit near as possible to those of the normal life of a individual of his or her age. 10. Disable individual shall be protected against all development, all ordinances and all intervention of a discriminatory, opprobrious or corrupting nature. 11. Disable individual shall be able available themselves of qualified legal assistance when such assistance proves indispensable for the protection of their individuals and belongings. If judicial proceedings are instituted against them, the legal process applied shall take their physical and mental status to the full into history. 12. Organizations of disable individuals may be usefully consulted in all affairs sing the rights of disable individual. 13. Disable individual their households and communities shall be to the full informed, by all appropriate agencies, of the rights contained in this declaration. RESTRICTIONS ATAND AS FOLLOWING WHEN INTEGATING DISABLED PERSONNEL INTO THE CIVIL SOCIETY OF SRI LANKA 1. Lack of professional cognition restricts eligibility for employment. 2. Limited entree to beginnings of information therefore, kept uninformed on chances available. 3. No representation in policy and determination devising. 4. come across incommodiousness entertaining services available at public Institutes since them have no installations to take wheel chairs in. 5. Restrictions on operation of organic structure variety meats and activity limitation would do mental traumatism and be averse to populate. 6. No active engagement at societal activities, due to construct of dependance, fright of favoritism by the society. 7. Many handicapped individuals who take on to work and want to work are left quit following the grounds such as physical and societal fortunes and the premise made on their on the job capacity. 8. Many war veterans who returned place suffer Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ) . 9. Often spouses give up work publicities, pensions, and benefits leting their hubbies to go on calling in the armed forces. If they suffer any hurt, households should back up to retrieve emphasis of their unwellness or disablement. Severe hurt or unwellness would impact the household psychologically and financially. 10. Singless come across a venture in happening a spouse for matrimony and those married would endure with partner-hood and parent-hood as a hubby and male parent. 11. Harmonizing to the UN charter disabled individuals have the same rights as others. No healthful facilitates available or no topographic points constructed for them particularly in public locales. 12. Those parents who have no any other agencies of income except of victim s would fall upon quandary to happen the life. 13. Though they wish to seek some other agencies to gain excess money they are being restricted by the fortunes hence have to get by with their wage. EMPOWERMENT OF REHABILITATION OR REINTEGRATION Plan 1. Empowering disabled experienced the employment limitations if non the careful rehabilitation or reintegration program is non made as per the particular necessities of disables. This empowerment program must include referrals for medical and dental services, coordination of preparation and allowances and include the undermentioned cardinal constituents: Evaluation and planning, Rehabilitation and employability ( preparation or instruction ) , Independent life. Job ready position, and interrupted position. 2. All disable soldiers are entitled to obtain wage and allowances as per ground forces wage strategies to bask satisfied life in the society but societal idealness, after employment emphasis and negative feelings will do this immature working category and negated feeling over their disablement if non their grudges are non decently addressed. To avoid the quandary over the forfeits made by them best signifier is to use them in a suited field and turnover the undertaking may edify the skylines of the disables. 3. Suitable service system may supply with occupation adjustment, occupation alterations, instance directions and linkages to the relevant service working environment as procedure continued. In order to accomplish employment chances following employment systems could be introduced ; a. Rapid Access to Employment. This emphasizes the end of immediate employment and is available to those who already have the accomplishments to vie in the occupation market in appropriate businesss. Among other things, disables may be provided occupation readiness readying, sketch development, occupation hunt aid, and adjustments and post employment followup. b. Self-Employment. This is for disables who have limited entree to traditional employment and demand flexible work agendas and a more accommodative work environment because of their crippling conditions or other particular fortunes. They may be provided an analysis of the viability of a concern construct, development of a concern program, preparation in the operation of little concerns, selling and fiscal aid, and counsel on obtaining equal resources to implement the concern program. c. Employment through Long-Term Services. Under this, the disables who need specialised preparation or instruction to obtain and keep suited employment. Training or instruction ( or both ) may be provided, including on-the-job preparation, apprenticeships, internships, occupation tailing, work monitoring, work-study, public-private occupation partnering, or higher instruction sufficient to obtain suited entry-level employment. d. Independent Living Services. The Independent Living Services is for disables who may non be able to work instantly and need extra rehabilitation to enable them to populate more independently. Disables may be provided with assistive engineering, independent life accomplishments preparation, and connexions to community-based support services. 4. Sing the fortunes some of disables may non be employed even though the preferable it due to disablements they possessed. They may supply with the independent life programme designed to assist whose service-connected disablement or disablements may be so terrible that they are unable to instantly prosecute an employment end. It helps them to be able to populate independently, take part in household and community life, and increase their possible to return to work and this service may include followerss ; a. Training in activities of day-to-day life. B. Attendant attention during period of passage. c. Transportation when particular agreements are required. d. Assistive engineering. e. Specialized medical, wellness, and rehabilitation services. f. Services to turn to any personal and/or household accommodation issues ; ( 1 ) Peer guidance. ( 2 ) Housing built-in to engagement in a plan of particular rehabilitation services. Training in independent life accomplishments. Connection with community-based support services. Training to better consciousness of rights and demands. ( 6 ) Aid in placing and keeping voluntary or supported employment. 5. Vocational-Educational Counseling provides a broad scope of vocational-educational guidance to disables and their dependants who are basically involved in equal association. Gradually this programme may direct into Person-centred planning that enables people to talk up about their personal hopes and aspirations and to be more in control of their lives. People s skylines expanded and became more ambitious as they saw other people making different things, as they themselves started to accomplish things, and as they got more used to believing and speaking about the chances they wanted. GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION TOWARDS THE INTEGRATING THE DISABLED SOLDIERS 1. Following institutes are empowered by the authorities governments to incorporate disables to feudal societies. Those are ; a. Ranaviru Seva Authority. Act of parliament on 5 June 2000 mandated for publicity, public assistance, socioeconomic integrating of handicapped ex service members and their households including supplying service for tri service and constabulary forces. Under this proposals following steps were granted to the disables and those are: ( 1 ) Ranaviru sansada, psychological and socio programme. ( 2 ) Ranaviru land undertaking. ( 3 ) Educational scholarship. ( 4 ) Skill development programme. ( 5 ) Welfare programme. ( 6 ) Ranaviru small town and public assistance loan system. ( 7 ) Directorate of rehabilitation are include steps taken to supervise and praised the rendered services by these soldiers. B. Directorate of Rehabilitation. Maximum attempt for physical and psychological accommodation within the bound of his disablement to enable him to populate as utile and hearty life as is humanely possible. ( 1 ) Disabled soldiers receive basic medical and surgery attention from military infirmary. ( 2 ) Suffering loss of weaponries or legs, provide unreal limbs, guarantee by Directorate of Rehabilitation ( 3 ) Then they will be introduced to vocational accomplishments, clerical, treasure film editing, motor mechanics, welding, computing machine scientific discipline, book binding, air conditioning, infrigidation. ( 4 ) Then steer to happen a paid employment which suit their abilities and endeavoring for extra fiscal support. ( 5 ) Ranaviru sevana formed under the board of directors of rehabilitation for residential intervention. ( 6 ) Rehabilitation programme under ranaviru sevana, medical, educational, psycho-social, vocational. ( 7 ) Under those programmes following services will be provided medical services, hydro therapy, physical therapy, physical preparation, developing athleticss, vocational preparation, educational chances, and spiritual activities. ( 8 ) Practicing self attention accomplishments to take them of the frights and hurting ensuing from both traumatic experiences at war s good as the psycho societal jobs arise from their disablements. ( 9 ) The Ranaviru Sevana is go oning their plans and some accomplishment as follows: ( a ) Ultimate end is attainment of maximal physical and psychological accommodation of each individual with a disablement. ( B ) Occupying in units ( degree Celsius ) Uplift their public assistance steps ( vitamin D ) Sport ( vitamin E ) New endowment and accomplishments ( degree Fahrenheit ) Independent life, economically balance and socially accepted. Summary 1. Owing to the struggle which prolonged for about three decennaries between Sri Lanka Army and LTTE some 21327 soldiers have been left with any signifier of frailty which makes onerous impact on the authorities and to a considerable extent on society. However, duty remains still to take attention of and give heat and fondness whom so need such attending and attention in peculiar. 2. Some bing signifiers for classification of a handicapped would be, amputees, blind, loss of vision, loss of hearing, paraplegia and per centum of frailty besides given along with. It is evident that these handicapped soldiers undergo no vocational preparation or have no professional accomplishment due to the fact that they joins military service in the age of 18 or below 20 three hence, this influence on societal integrating accordingly. Further, this would impact their psychological science therefore possible branchings are uncertainness, experiencing favoritism and unlogical hazard of future life. Minor factors such as non representation at policy or determination devising, feelings of dependence, response of the mass in societal integrating, possibilities to run into the demands at public institutes besides could impact adversely to some grade. 3. possible steps to get the better of these ventures and fortunes some deduction would be ; empowerment program is to be carry out, rating, be aftering rehabilitation and employability, procuring independent life, make trades available and offering uninterrupted life. To bring forth employment chances for handicapped soldiers following procedure can be worked out: rapid entree to occupations, a assortment of ego employments, employment on full clip services and independent services. Some positive facets observed are ; public and private conveyance provides reserved seats for disable individuals and able mass takes no vacillation to offer his/her place to a handicapped if needed. 4. Afford of household demands and get by up all necessities with a small income or pension are firing issues lie before them. Therefore extra agencies of income ( s ) should be kept available through self employment etc. 5. Disabled soldier could be launched in to the society as a demanding individual through designation and working self possible. This may necessitate standard preparation and professional exposure and counsel. Government in coaction with Sri Lanka Army has implemented some feasible programs to swerve this venture in to success: constitution of the Ranaviru Seva Authority to help the handicapped soldiers and their households and Sri Lanka Army established the Directorate of Rehabilitation to installations them. Recommendation 1. Disabled soldiers undergo no vocational preparation or have no professional accomplishment prior to enlistment to the ground forces due to the fact that they join military service in the age of 18 or below 20 three. Therefore, effectual steps to be taken to work familial alone capablenesss and constitution of vocational preparation centres besides to be incorporated in to the enterprise. 2. Communication flow of the society is to be touchable and easy entree to information beginnings would maintain handicapped soldier informed on facts and benefits available. 3. Misinforming on psychological issues like uncertainness, feelings of dependence, and superstitious feelings of the mass that a disable soldier is a load to the society and has no end product or part to the national production should be eliminated. 4. Pay due honor and make the needful for them when needed in grasp of their invaluable forfeits. 5. Allowing chances to take part in and doing them coworkers in planning and determination devising would turn to and carry through their societal demands. So making chances to make this procedure will assist them. 6. Development of substructure installations at public and private institutes as they facilitate them to run into their demands in any assistance of mobility. 7. Psychological operations and regular guidance progammes to be done taking handicapped soldiers those suffer Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ) . 8. If the handicapped soldier is left unfit for farther mental or physical employment, his dependents should be kept strong to defy the life therefore occupation chances should be crate for them. 9. Disabled individuals besides should be aimed and considered when building illumination or immense public installations such as office composites, healthful, entertaining etc.

Philosophy and the Next Generation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy and the Next Generation - Term Paper Example This is not a perfect situation for them to have faith in something or to follow the philosophies of religions. We have seen that when things are related to religions there is a big clash of opinions. The next generation will have a very promising life if they atheists. They can live in harmony even without religions. Religions hold a certain group of people together not everyone. This will avoid a lot of problems. Atheism will force the next generation to love people irrespective of religion. Religion is a very emotional thing. Religions were created for the purpose of keeping people united. For example a Christian might say, "I know Jesus Christ is my Lord and Savior. By following his teachings, I will live in heaven when I die." This is the same thing a Muslim would say. But the teachings in both the religions are almost the same. Both the religions ask people to live in love, harmony and peace. So why should the next generation be guided in terms of religions even after knowing t he basic motive of the religions. They have the support of technology, knowledge, education everything to live their life in a very effective way. Religions are here a big cause for fights and troubles. I personally believe that there is no need of a religion to do good things. Anyone can do it. Especially, when a person is not locked by religious beliefs his potential to do good things is really high. I want my children to grow up without being blinded by religions. Nobody will ever say, that a person was a good Christian or a good Muslim, they always say he or she was a good human being. So what is the significance of religion here. And also a lot of people are killing each other in the name of religions. They were created to educate people about living in harmony and peace. When that itself is creating a big problem, what is the use of being religious. Nobody will judge you on the basis of religion you belong to but they will definitely judge you on what you are and how you are w ith your life. Absolute truth is one main philosophy, which has been talked a lot about. An absolute truth, sometimes called a universal truth, is an unalterable and permanent fact. The concept of absolute truths - what they are and whether they exist - has been debated among many different groups of people. Philosophers have waded in the muck of defining absolute truth for millennia. For example, Plato believed that absolute truth existed, but that truth on earth was merely a shadow of great forms of absolute truth existing in the universe. Alternatively, many believe in relative truths, where facts may vary depending on the circumstances. People often look to science to determine whether something constitutes an absolute truth, but science tends to avoid absolutism. Even when scientists reasonably believe an explanation, it is often couched as theory or proofs. However, as we advance in science, we often find ourselves disproving proofs. Yet a great deal of proof on a subject makes it more likely , but does not make it absolute truth. Many religions contain absolute truths. This is something which is very subjective. There are lots of arguments about it. For example, to the Christian the absolute truth is Jesus Christ is the Lord and Savior. Imposing this statement, which is an absolute truth according the Christians, will pave way for a big argument because Jesus Christ is not everyone's lord. When a person's absolute truth is

Real Estate Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Real Estate Law - Essay Example While denying Steinichen's motion for new trial, the trial court ruled that Steinichen gave up her right to point to the special master's report and the trial court's judgment by running out to object to the report before the trial court adopted it. On further appeal, Steinichen argues that this ruling was error. Thus, the Trial court's judgment was reversed and the case was remanded to the trial court for it to address the merits of Steinichen's motion for new trial(http://www.lexisone.com/lx1/caselaw/freecaselawaction=FCLRetrieveCaseDetail&caseID=7&format=FULL&resultHandle=ae14b712d0559ea22a3d8054440e2522&pageLimit=10&xmlgTotalCount=89&combinedSearchTerm=adverse+possession&juriName=Georgia&sourceFile=STATES;GACTS accessed on 21 October 2009). At issue is title to a rectangular-shaped piece of real property with dimension of 25 feet by 75 feet in Hoschton, Georgia. The appellant filed an appeal to quiet title against the entire world with regard to four contiguous parcels of real property. The appellee and the owner of the property adjacent to that of appellant, Larry Stancil, filed an answer and counterclaim in which he contended he held fee simple title to the property at issue. Consistent to OCGA 23-3-63, the case was presented to a special master who quieted title to three of the four Tracts in Stancil after ruling that Steinichen had failed to present evidence-establishing title to those parcels. As to the fourth parcel, the special master ruled that Steinichen had failed to carry her burden of proof to establish title, and that Stancil had presented sufficient evidence to establish adverse possession under color of title as well as prescriptive title without color of title. The trial court figured an order assuming the findings and the testimonial of the special master and announced Stancil as the holder of fee simple title to all the property in dispute. This appeal follows the denial of Steinichen's motion for new trial (http://www.lexisone.com/lx1/caselaw/freecaselawaction=FCLRetrieveCaseDetail&caseID=7&format=FULL&resultHandle=ae14b712d0559ea22a3d8054440e2522&pageLimit=10&xmlgTotalCount=89&combinedSearchTerm=adverse+possession&juriName=Georgia&sourceFile=STATES;GACTS accessed on 21 October 2009). Appellee's Argument Steinichen does not take issue with the trial court's finding that she was not able to prove her title to the disputed tract. Instead, she maintains that the manifest was deficient to back up the conclusion that Stancil had gained the property by adverse possession. "To establish title by adverse possession, whether by twenty years or seven years under color of title, a party must show possession not originated in fraud that is public, continuous, exclusive, uninterrupted